Flashcards in 57-Acute and Chronic Inflammation Deck (66)
1
What is inflammation
Localized response to infection and injury
Designed to be protective but can cause tissue damage
2
What are the goals of inflammation
Eliminate cause of injury, necrotic cells and tissue, repair wound
3
What are the signs of inflammation and what causes it
Warm
Red
Pain
Swelling
Vascular changes and leukocyte recruitment
4
What are the sequence of events in inflammatory reaction
macrophages recognize microbes
Trigger vascular and cellular reactions
Bring defense cells to site of infection
5
What are the leukocytes used in inflammation
monocyte
Neutrophils
lymphocyte
6
What do T and B lymphocytes do
antigen specific immune and inflammatory response
7
What do neutrophils do
Kill bacteria, remove dead cells, part of innate immune system and acute inflammatory
8
What do macrophages do
Phagocytic, chronic and acute inflammation
9
What does inflammatory response depend on
Type and intensity of injury
10
Examples of harmful inflammation
Epiglottis-airway obstruction
Meningitis-swelling
Arthritis-joint destruction
11
Acute inflammation
Onset
Cell infiltrate
Tissue injury
Local and systemic signs
Fast, minutes to hours
Neutrophils
Usually mild
Prominent
12
Chronic inflammation
Onset
Cell infiltrate
Tissue injury
Local and systemic signs
Slow, days
Macrophages
Severe and progressive
Less prominent
13
Characteristics of acute inflammation
Vascular changes and edema
rapid
Neutrophils
Innate immune system
NOT ANTIGEN SPECIFIC
14
Functions of acute inflammation
phagocytose and kill bacteria
Remove necrotic tissue
Begin tissue repair process
15
Sequence of events in acute inflammation
Increased blood flows (congestion)
Increased vascular permeability
extravastion and deposit fluid and proteins
Emigration of neutrophils
16
What are the 2 main vascular reactions for acute inflammation
Vasodilator and increased vascular permeability
17
What is congestion
Vascular expansion, increased blood flow
Causes redness and warmth
18
how is exudate formed
Increased vascular permeability
Movement of protein rich fluid out of vessel
Causes increased osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid so more water moves into tissues
19
How is transudate formed
Increased hydrostatic pressure from reduced venous return
20
What is edema
Fluid accumulation in tissue/extravascular
21
What are exudates
High protein, high specific gravity, inflammatory
22
What are transudates
Low protein, low specific gravity, non inflammatory
23
Edema from increased pressure
Transudate, low protein, from congestive heart failure
24
Consequences of edema
Depends on location
Leg-little effect
Larynx-asphyxia
Brain-herniation
Lung-hypoxia
25
Types of exudates
Serous
fibrinous
sanguineous
purulent
26
What is serous exudate
Fluid with no inflammatory cells
Skin blister between epidermis and dermis
27
What is fibrinous exudate
Fibrin
Inflammation of lining of body cavities, vascular dilation and congestion
28
What is sanguineous exudate
bloody
29
What is prudent exudate
Pus, contains neutrophils
30
What causes serous exudate
From burns or inflammatory skin disease
31
What causes fibrinous exudate
Greater vascular permeability, fibrinogen leaks out
32
What is the sequence of events in acute inflammation
Increased blood flow
Increased vascular permeability
extravasation of transudate and educate
Emigration of neutrophils
33
Leukocyte traffic requires what
adhesion
34
What are the 2 types of adhesion
Loose rolling and firm adhesion
35
What causes loose rolling
Selectins
36
What causes firm adhesion
integrins
37
What do chemokines do during migration of leukocytes
Increase integrin affinity and promote directional migration
38
What do cytokines do during migration of leukocytes
(TNF, IL-1) Promote expression of selections and integrin
39
What is chemotaxis
Locomotion along chemical gradient
40
Cell derived mediators of inflammation are formed where
Preformed in cell or produced at site of inflammation
41
Plasma derived mediators of inflammation are formed where
Derived from circulating inactive precursors and activated at the site of inflammation
42
Major cytokines for acute inflammation
TNF, IL-1, IL-6, chemokines
43
Major cytokines for chronic inflammation are
INF gamma, IL4, IL5, IL12
44
Principle role of TNF and IL1
Endothelial activation
45
Where are TNF and IL1 produced
Activated macrophages
46
What happens when leukocytes enter tissues
lipoxygenase AA products are changed from leukotrienes to lipoxins
47
What are lipoxins
anti inflammatory mediators
48
When are neutrophils seen in inflammation
Acute, first 6-24 hours
Respond rapidly, short lived
49
When are monocytes seen in inflammation
24-48 hours
50
What is margination
leukocyte accumulation at periphery of vessels, early acute inflammation
51
What is the goal of acute inflammation
phagocytose and destroy organisms, remove necrotic tissue
52
What can cause tissue damage during an acute inflammation
Proteolysis enzymes, ROS
A COMMON CAUSE OF DISEASE!!
53
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation
Resolution, healing by scarring, chronic inflammation
54
What characterizes a chronic inflammation
macrophages, lymphocytes
55
What is chronic inflammation
Prolonged duration
Continuing active inflammation
Tissue injury
Attempts at healing
An immune response
56
What causes a chronic inflammation
Progression of acute inflammation
Persistence of injurious agent
Interference with normal healing
57
What is the maturation of a macrophage
Bone marrow-stem cell/monoblast
Blood-monocyte
Tissue-macrophage
58
What is the classically activated pathway for macrophages
proinflammatory induced by microbes and cytokines (IFN gamma)
59
What is the alternatively activated pathway for macrophages
anti inflammatory induced by IL13 and IL4
60
How do macrophages and lymphocytes interact
Stimulate each other
Release inflammatory mediator that affect each other
61
b cells do what
Develop into Plasma cells that secrete antibodies
62
t cells do what
secrete cytokines to promote inflammation
63
What is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation
granulomatous inflammation
64
what is a granuloma
Aggregates of epithelioid macrophages
An attempt to wall off the offending agent
Long lasting and highly destructive
65
What is an example of cascading granuloma
TB
66