Flashcards in 47-Overview of Immunology Deck (47)
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1
What is immunology?
The study of the response of an organism to microbes and allergens
2
Why is immunology important for clinical biology?
T cells are involved in most major pathological disorders
3
When was the initial description of immunity
5000 BCE in China
4
What did Thucydides do?
In 430 BCE first used the word immunity to describe individuals that survived the plague did not get sick again "immunological memory"
5
When was the 1st purposeful injection?
1000 in China "variolation". Blew smallpox pus into noses. Variolation 2% death rate. small pox 35% death rate
6
What did Edward Jenner do?
Observed that milk maids didn't get smallpox because they were exposed to cowpox. Infected the gardener's son with cow pox and then small pox "vaccination"
7
What did Robert Koch do?
In 1876 proved the germ theory with the causative agent for anthrax
8
What did Louis Pasteur do?
1880's developed live attenuated vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
9
When was the germ theory developed?
1840
10
What did Elie Metchnikoff do?
In 1883 discovered phagocytic white blood cell ingesting pathogens "macrophages"
11
What did Emil von Behring do?
In 1890 identified serum of animals immune to diphtheria had antibodies
12
What did Shibasaburo Kitasato do?
In 1890 identified serum of animals immune to diphtheria had antibodies
13
What did Emile Roux do?
Worked with Behring and Kitasato to develop first anti-serum treatment for diphtheria
14
What is a pathogen?
Organism with ability to cause host damage
15
How does the immune system differentiate between pathogen and non pathogen?
It can't. it just responds to microbes
16
Pathogenicity of microbe is defined by what?
The microbe and the immune response
17
Infection and disease are....?
Related, but distinct. You can get infected without getting a disease
18
What are the different types of pathogens?
Virus, Bacteria, Parasite, Worm
19
The immune system can respond to what external substances?
Allergens
20
What are the 3 main lines of defense against a pathogen?
Barriers, Innate response, Adaptive response
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What are examples of barriers?
physical, chemical, microbiome
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What are the types of innate response?
phagocytosis, granulocytes, inflammation, proteins
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What are the types of adaptive response?
T cells, B cells/antibodies
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How does a barrier fail?
wounds, defective membrane, chronic disease, malnutrition, insect bites, pathogenicity
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What happens when a barrier fails?
Innate response starts
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How long does it take for the innate response to start?
Minutes to hours
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What is the response initiator for innate response?
broad classes of molecules
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How long does it take for the adaptive response to start?
days to weeks
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what is the response initiator for adaptive response?
specific antigen
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