Flashcards in 47-Overview of Immunology Deck (47)
1
What is immunology?
The study of the response of an organism to microbes and allergens
2
Why is immunology important for clinical biology?
T cells are involved in most major pathological disorders
3
When was the initial description of immunity
5000 BCE in China
4
What did Thucydides do?
In 430 BCE first used the word immunity to describe individuals that survived the plague did not get sick again "immunological memory"
5
When was the 1st purposeful injection?
1000 in China "variolation". Blew smallpox pus into noses. Variolation 2% death rate. small pox 35% death rate
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What did Edward Jenner do?
Observed that milk maids didn't get smallpox because they were exposed to cowpox. Infected the gardener's son with cow pox and then small pox "vaccination"
7
What did Robert Koch do?
In 1876 proved the germ theory with the causative agent for anthrax
8
What did Louis Pasteur do?
1880's developed live attenuated vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies
9
When was the germ theory developed?
1840
10
What did Elie Metchnikoff do?
In 1883 discovered phagocytic white blood cell ingesting pathogens "macrophages"
11
What did Emil von Behring do?
In 1890 identified serum of animals immune to diphtheria had antibodies
12
What did Shibasaburo Kitasato do?
In 1890 identified serum of animals immune to diphtheria had antibodies
13
What did Emile Roux do?
Worked with Behring and Kitasato to develop first anti-serum treatment for diphtheria
14
What is a pathogen?
Organism with ability to cause host damage
15
How does the immune system differentiate between pathogen and non pathogen?
It can't. it just responds to microbes
16
Pathogenicity of microbe is defined by what?
The microbe and the immune response
17
Infection and disease are....?
Related, but distinct. You can get infected without getting a disease
18
What are the different types of pathogens?
Virus, Bacteria, Parasite, Worm
19
The immune system can respond to what external substances?
Allergens
20
What are the 3 main lines of defense against a pathogen?
Barriers, Innate response, Adaptive response
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What are examples of barriers?
physical, chemical, microbiome
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What are the types of innate response?
phagocytosis, granulocytes, inflammation, proteins
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What are the types of adaptive response?
T cells, B cells/antibodies
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How does a barrier fail?
wounds, defective membrane, chronic disease, malnutrition, insect bites, pathogenicity
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What happens when a barrier fails?
Innate response starts
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How long does it take for the innate response to start?
Minutes to hours
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What is the response initiator for innate response?
broad classes of molecules
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How long does it take for the adaptive response to start?
days to weeks
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what is the response initiator for adaptive response?
specific antigen
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What is the timing of an immune response?
Barrier is breaches, rapid activation of innate response then adaptive immune response is activated to clear pathogen. Adaptive immune cells develop into memory cells
31
What is required for the immune response?
both the innate and adaptive immunity
32
innate immune response is activated by what?
pattern recognition receptors
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pattern recognition receptors are activated by what?
conserved features of pathogens (cell wall, nucleic acids, bacterial flagellin) essential for viability
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examples of pattern recognition receptors:
TLR, NLR, RIG-I
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What is inflammation?
hallmark of the activation of the innate immune response
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how is inflammation activated?
release of inflammatory mediators
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what are the five signs of inflammation?
redness (rubor)
heat (calor)
swelling (tumor)
pain (dolor)
loss of function
38
what are the 4 functions of inflammation?
recruit immune cells
enhance immune cell function
limit spread of infection
promote tissue repair
39
What are the steps of phagocytosis?
chemotaxis (movement to site of infection)
ingestion of pathogen into phagosome
formation of phagolysosome by fusing to lysosome
digestion of pathogen
release of debris that is highly inflammatory
40
where does t cell activation occur?
secondary lymphoid tissues
1-lymph nodes: antigens from tissues via lymph system
2-spleen: antigens from bloodstream via circulatory
3-Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues: antigens from mucosal surfaces
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What is the role of the secondary lymphoid organs
localize antigen specific T and B cells with their antigen
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How is the adaptive immune response activated?
antigen receptors on the surface of B and T cells
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What does the T cell receptor associate with?
MHC molecules bound to specific antigen
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What does the B cell receptor associate with?
free antigens
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What is the hallmark of adaptive immune response?
Clonal Expansion
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What is Clonal expansion?
recognition of antigen by BCR or TCR results in proliferation of the cell to increase numbers and fight infection
47