5.4 - Selection of Categories of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
(48 cards)
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
conditions that affect how the brain develops and functions, leading to difficulties in areas like thinking, learning, communication, and social interaction
autism, adhd
- ADHD
Inattention Symptoms
🔹 Difficulty staying focused on tasks (e.g., schoolwork, reading)
🔹 Easily distracted by noises, movement, or unrelated thoughts
🔹 Frequently making careless mistakes
🔹 Trouble organizing tasks or managing time
🔹 Often losing important things (keys, homework, phone, etc.)
🔹 Forgetfulness in daily activities (appointments, chores)
🔹 Difficulty following through on instructions
Hyperactivity Symptoms
⚡ Constant fidgeting or squirming
⚡ Trouble staying seated when expected (like in class)
⚡ Running or climbing in inappropriate situations
⚡ Talking excessively or blurting out answers before a question is finished
⚡ Always “on the go” or acting as if “driven by a motor”
Impulsivity Symptoms
🚀 Interrupting conversations or activities frequently
🚀 Difficulty waiting for turns in games or conversations
🚀 Acting without thinking about consequences (e.g., risky behaviors)
🚀 Trouble with self-control and emotional regulation
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
have difficulties in three general areas:
establishing mutual social interaction and emotional regulation (social cues, eye contact, relationships)
using language appropriately (verbal and nonverbal communication)
displaying flexibility with routines, interests, and behavior
Hypersensitivity (lights, sound, texture, taste)
Lots of variation within ASD, including academics -
Linked with genetics
Possibly linked to early brain overgrowth in the first years of life
Possible prenatal risk factors
possible older parental age
- Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders
Schizophrenic spectrum disorders are characterized by issues in one or more of these five areas: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms.
- Delusions
(false beliefs), especially persecution or grandeur
positive symptom of Schizophrenia (I believe I can fly)
- Hallucinations
(false perceptions), especially auditory, but any sense positive symptom of Schizophrenia
(hearing voices)
- Disorganized Thinking/Speech
Disorganized thought and nonsensical speech (word salad) positive symptom of Schizophrenia
- Disorganized Motor Behavior
positive symptom of Schizophrenia
- Catatonic excitement/stupor
positive symptom of Schizophrenia
- Flat affect
(no emotion showing in the face)
negative symptom of Schizophrenia
negative symptom of Schizophrenia
Flat affect (no emotion showing in the face)
Reduced social interaction
Anhedonia (no feeling of enjoyment)
Avolition (less motivation, initiative, focus on tasks)
Alogia (speaking less)
Catatonic stupor
- Positive symptom of Schizophrenia
Hallucinations (false perceptions), especially auditory, but any sense
Delusions (false beliefs), especially persecution or grandeur
Disorganized thought and nonsensical speech (word salad)
Bizarre/Disorganized Motor behaviors
Catatonic excitement
- Acute schizophrenia
Involves sudden onset. In reaction to stress, substance abuse, or other factor. Involves more positive symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia.
With treatment, symptoms can significantly improve.
- Chronic schizophrenia
Develops slowly, a long-term and persistent illness with ongoing symptoms. Involves both positive and negative symptoms, including flat affect and social withdrawal.
With treatment and support, there may be periods of a normal life, but not a cure.
Without treatment, this type of schizophrenia often leads to poverty and social problems.
- Major Depressive Disorder
Depressed mood most of the day, and/or
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities
Significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight
Insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep
Lethargy, or physical agitation
Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
Worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt
Daily problems in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions
Recurring thoughts of death and suicide
- Persistent Depressive Disorder
less severe
Depressed mood most of the day, at least 2 years
While depressed, 2 or more of the following:
-poor appetite
-insomnia or hypersomnia
-low energy or fatigue
-low self-esteem
-poor concentration
- Bipolar Disorders
Bipolar disorder’s two polar opposite moods are depression and mania.
Depressed mood: stuck feeling “down,” with:
exaggerated pessimism
social withdrawal
lack of felt pleasure
inactivity and no initiative
difficulty focusing
fatigue and excessive desire to sleep
Mania: euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, with:
exaggerated optimism
hypersociality and sexuality
delight in everything
impulsivity and overactivity
racing thoughts; the mind won’t settle down
little desire for sleep
- Bipolar I Disorder
Must have a manic episode which may be preceded by hypomanic and depression
- Bipolar II Disorder
No manic episode, but hypomanic (not as severe of mania) followed by depression
- Mania
Mania: euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, with:
exaggerated optimism
hypersociality and sexuality
delight in everything
impulsivity and overactivity
racing thoughts; the mind won’t settle down
little desire for sleep
- Bipolar cycling
Hypomanic symptoms and depression symptoms but criteria not met for Bipolar I or II
(cycle up and down) (might go a couple weeks depressed then might cycle out into manic episode for a few days)
- Anxiety Disorders
mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear, worry, and anxiety that are disproportionate to the situation and interfere with daily life
- Specific Phobia
uncontrollable, irrational, intense desire to avoid the same object or situation. Even an image of the object can trigger a reaction–“GET IT AWAY FROM ME!!!”
- Agoraphobia
avoidance of situations in which one will fear having a panic attack, especially a situation in which it is difficult to get help, and from which it difficult to escape; crowds, malls, public transportation
