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AP Bio > AP Bio Chap. 4 > Flashcards

AP Bio Chap. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. Every living organism consists of one or more cells. 2. Cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms. Smallest unit of life. 3. All living cells come from division of other, pre-exsisting cells. 4. Cells contain hereditary material, which they pass to their offspring during division.
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2
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Interior is divided into various functional compartments, including a nucleus.

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3
Q

Cell

A

Smallest unit that shows the properties of life, which means it has a capacity for metabolism, homeostasis, growth, and reproduction.

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Smaller and simpler, no nucleus.

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Cell’s outer membrane, separates metabolic activities from events outside of the cell, but does not isolate the cell’s interior. Water, carbon dioxide and oxygen can cross it freely. Other substances cross only with the assistance of membrane proteins.

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Double-membraned sac holds a eukaryotic cell’s DNA.

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7
Q

Nucleoid

A

DNA inside prokaryotic cells is concentrated in a region of cytoplasm.

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Semifluid mixture of water, sugars, ions and proteins between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Structures on which proteins are built, are suspended in cytoplasm

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10
Q

Surface-to-Volume Ratio

A

Strongly influences cell size and shape.

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11
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

Double layer of lipids organized so that their hydrophobic tails are sandwiched between their hydrophilic heads.

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12
Q

Cell Wall

A

Surrounds the plasma membrane of nearly all prokaryotes (plants,etc) Dissolved substances easily cross this permeable layer on the way to and from the plasma membrane.

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13
Q

Flagella

A

Slender cellular structures used for motion.

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14
Q

Pili

A

Project from the surface of some bacterial species. Help cells cling to or move across surfaces.

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15
Q

Biofilms

A

Shared mass of slime. Typically consists of multiple species, all entangled in their own mingled secretions.

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16
Q

Organelle

A

Structure that carries out a specialized function inside a cell.

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Routing, modifying new polypeptide chains, synthesizing lipids; other tasks.

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18
Q

Golgi Body

A

Modifying new polypeptide chains; sorting, shipping proteins and lipids. Folded membrane that typically looks like a stack of pancakes. Put finishing touches on polypeptide chains and lipids that have been delivered from the ER.

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19
Q

Vesicles

A

Transporting, storing or digesting substances in a cell; other functions. Form in great numbers and in a variety of types, either on their own or by budding from other organelles or the plasma membrane.

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20
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Making ATP by sugar breakdown.Type of organelle that specializes in making ATP.

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21
Q

Chloroplast

A

Making sugars in plants, some protists.

22
Q

Lysosome

A

Intracellular digestion. Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes. Fuse with vacuoles carrying particles or molecules for disposal, such as worn out cell components.

23
Q

Peroxisome

A

Inactivating toxins.

24
Q

Vacuole

A

Storage.

25
Q

Centriole

A

Anchor for cytoskeleton. Microtubules grow from a barrel-shaped organelle.

26
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Consists of two lipid bilayers folded together as a single membrane.

27
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Viscous fluid similar to cytoplasm.

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense, irregularly shaped region where subunits of ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA.

29
Q

Chromatin

A

All of the DNA, together with its associated proteins, in the nucleus.

30
Q

Chromosome

A

Each molecule of DNA, together with its many attached proteins.

31
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Series of interacting organelles between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. Main function is to make lipids, enzymes and proteins for secretion or insertion into cell membranes.

32
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes attach to the outer surface. Ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chains, which extrude into the interior.

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes so it does not make proteins. Enzymes make most of the cell’s membrane lipids. They also break down carbohydrates, fatty acids, and some drugs and poisons.

34
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids. Form and divide on their own. Have a variety of functions such as inactivating hydrogen peroxide.

35
Q

Plastids

A

Membrane-enclosed organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algal cells.

36
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelles that are specialized for photosynthesis. Most have an oval or disk shape.

37
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes and toxins accumulate in the water filled interior of this part of a plant cell.

38
Q

Primary Wall

A

Secretion of strands of cellulose into the coating.

39
Q

Secondary Wall

A

Cells in some plant tissues stop enlarging and begin to secrete material onto the primary wall’s inner surface. Formed by these deposits.

40
Q

Lignin

A

Complex polymer of alcohols that makes up as much as 25% of the secondary wall of cells in older stems and roots.

41
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Most cells of multicelled organisms are surrounded and organized by this.

42
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Structures that connect a cell to other cells and to the environment.

43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Interconnected system of many protein filaments. Reinforce, organize and move cell structures and often the whole cell. Some are permanent; others form only at certain times.

44
Q

Micotubules

A

Long, hollow cylinders that consist of subunits of the protein tubulin. Form a dynamic scaffolding for many cellular processes, rapidly assembling when they are needed, disassembling when they are not.

45
Q

Microfilaments

A

Fibers that consist primarily of subunits of the globular protein actin. Strengthen or change the shape of eukaryotic cells.

46
Q

Cell Cortex

A

Reinforcing mesh under the plasma membrane.

47
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Most stable parts of a cell’s cytoskeleton. Strengthen and maintain cell and tissue structures.

48
Q

Motor Proetins

A

Can move cell parts in a sustained direction when they are repeatedly energized by ATP.

49
Q

Eukaryotic Flagella

A

Whiplike structures that propel cells such as sperm through fluid. Tend to be longer and less profuse.

50
Q

Cilia

A

Whiplike structures that propel cells such as sperm through fluid. Shorter and more profuse.

51
Q

Pseudopods

A

(False Feet) Temporary, irregular lobes bulge outward, they move the cell and engulf a target such as prey.

AP Bio (8 decks)

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