AP Bio Chap. 6

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

Capacity to do work.

Question 2

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 2

Energy does not appear from nowhere, and it does not vanish into nothing.

Question 3

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 3

Energy disperses; a system tends to change toward a state of maximum entropy.

Question 4

Entropy

Answer 4

Measure of how much the energy of a particular system has become dispersed.

Question 5

Reaction

Answer 5

Process by which such chemical change occurs.

Question 6

Reactants

Answer 6

Molecules that enter a reaction.

Question 7

Products

Answer 7

Molecules that remain at the reaction’s end.

Question 8

Chemical Reaction

Answer 8

One or more reactants change into one or more products.

Question 9

Free energy

Answer 9

Amount of energy that is available to do work.

Question 10

Endergonic

Answer 10

Energy in.

Question 11

Activation Energy

Answer 11

Minimum amount of energy that will get a chemical reaction started. Energy required to break the bonds of the reactants.

Question 12

ATP

Answer 12

Adenosine Triphosphate, energy carrier. Accepts energy released by exergonic reactions and delivers energy to endergonic reactions. Main currency in a cell’s energy economy.

Question 13

Exergonic

Answer 13

Reactants have greater free energy than the products. Energy out.

Question 14

Phosphorylation

Answer 14

Phosphate-group transfer.

Question 15

ATP/ADP Cycle

Answer 15

When ATP loses a phosphate, ADP forms. ATP forms again when ADP binds phosphate in an endergonic reaction.

Question 16

Enzymes

Answer 16

Catalysts, which are molecules that make chemical reactions proceed much faster than they would on their own. Most are proteins but some are RNAs.

Question 17

Substrates

Answer 17

Most enzymes are not consumed or changed by participating in a reaction; they can work again and again. Each kind recognizes and alters specific reactants, or _________.

Question 18

Active Sites

Answer 18

Polypeptide chains of enzymes are folded into one or more of these.

Question 19

Transition State

Answer 19

Substrate bonds reach their breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously to product.

Question 20

Cofactors

Answer 20

Atoms or molecules (other than proteins) that associate with enzymes and are necessary for their function.

Question 21

Coenzymes

Answer 21

Organic cofactors

Question 22

Antioxidant

Answer 22

Neutralizes free radicals-atoms or molecules with one or more unpaired electrons.

Question 23

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 23

Any series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which a cell builds, rearranges or breaks down an organic substance.

Question 24

Allosteric Site

Answer 24

A region of an enzyme other than the active site that can bind regulatory molecules.

Question 25

Feedback Inhibition

Answer 25

The end product of a series of enzymatic reactions inhibits the first enzyme in the series.

Question 26

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Answer 26

A molecule accepts electrons from another molecule. Gains electrons.

Question 27

Electron Transfer Chain

Answer 27

Organized series of reaction steps in which membrane-bound arrays of enzymes and other molecules give up and accept electrons in turn.

Question 28

Bioluminescence

Answer 28

Light which is emitted from metabolic reactions in living organisms. Helps attract mates, prey or confuse predators.

Question 29

ADH

Answer 29

Converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, an organic molecule even more toxic than ethanol and most likely source of various hangover symptoms.

Question 30

ADP

Answer 30

Adenosine Diphosphate. When ATP loses a phosphate.