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CTC Bio 1107 > Chapter 3: Organelle Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Organelle Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 parts of the cell theory

A
  • All livings things are made up of one or more cells
  • Cells are basic unit of structure and function
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

They are limited by their surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

Why do cells sometimes rupture?

A

When the surface area increases then the cell membrane accommodates volume - so if it increases in volume too fast it will rupture

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4
Q

Why do cells come in a variety of shapes?

A

They all begin as stem cells then differentiate based on function

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5
Q

Organelles

A

Internal parts of the cell that do specific jobs

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells (You and Me) (true)

A

Have membrane bound organelles and a true nucleus

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cells (no)

A

Lack membrane bound organelles and not a true nucleus

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8
Q

Eukaryotic cells are found in what organisms?

A

Animal and plant

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9
Q

Prokaryotic cells are found in what organisms?

A

Bacteria and some unicellular organisms

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10
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

A double layer of phospholipid molecules

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11
Q

Each molecule in the Phospholipid Bilayer has

A
  • A polar head that is hydrophilic

- 2 non-polar tails that are hydrophobic

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12
Q

Function of the Cell (plasma) membrane

A

“Security Gate”

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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13
Q

Cholestrol Molecules ( in the cell membrane)

A

Hard fatty molecule embedded in cell membrane

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14
Q

Carbhoydrates ( in the cell membrane)

A

Attached to the outer surface of cell membrane

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15
Q

Cholestrol Molecule Functions (in the cell membrane)

A

Gives cell membrane support and keep it water resistant

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16
Q

Carbohydrate (in cell membrane) function

A

To bind with specific molecules and aid in cell recognition

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17
Q

Peripheral protein (in the cell membrane)
Location
Function

A

Located on the interior and exterior of cell membrane

Function - self recognition and other cellular recognition

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18
Q

Functional names of Carbohydrate Molecules
When combined with lipid
When bound with protein

A

glycolipid

glycoprotein

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19
Q

Integral Proteins ( in the cell membrane)
Location
Function

A

Location - embedded in the cell membrane

Function - transport substances thru the membrane

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20
Q

Functional names of Integral proteins

A

Transmembrane proteins
Carrier proteins
Transport proteins
Channel proteins

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21
Q

Cytoplasm structure

A

Jelly - like substance between the nucleus and cell membrane
(also called cytosol when combined with organelles)

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22
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

“Atmosphere” of the cell tha contains organelles and provides a background (matrix) for cellular reactions and activities

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23
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Looks like elongated sacs
Outer membrane acts as a barrier
Inner membrane contains folds called cristae

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24
Q

Cristae function

A

Increase surface area making more room for chemical reactions to occur and contain enzymes that speed up chemical reaations

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25
Q

Mitochondria function

A

“Gas station”
“power house”
Site of chemical reactions of cellular respiration

26
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The process of transferring organic compounds, such ad glucose, into ATP, that cells use for energy

27
Q

Nucleus contains

A

Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus

28
Q

Nuclear envelope structure

A

Surrounds Nucleus

Has pores to allow substances to pass into/out of nucleus

29
Q

Chromatin Structure

A

Fine strands of DNA that, when combined in pairs of two, form a Chromosome

30
Q

Nucleolus structure

A

Dark spot in center

31
Q

Nucleus function

A

“Boss” of the cell

Center of cell that directs all cell activities

32
Q

Nuclear pore function

A

“Secretaries”

Allow substances into the nucleus to see the “Boss”

33
Q

Chromatin function

A

“Brain”

Tells what proteins need to be produced

34
Q

Nucleolus function

A

“Contractor”

Builds the ribosomes

35
Q

Ribosome structure

A

Membrane that is made in the nucleus and then shipped out to cytosol or RER
Composed of RNA and proteins
Smallest dots within the cell

36
Q

Ribosome function

A

“Protein Factory”

Synthesizes proteins from amino acids

37
Q

2 Places ribosomes can be found

A

Free floating - in cytoplasm

Attached - connected to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

38
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum structure

A

System of interconnected membranes that form tunnels throughout the cell

39
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum function

A

“Subway”
“Highway”
To provide a path for intracellular transport

40
Q

2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth (SER) - no ribosomes

Rough (RER) - ribosomes attached to membrane

41
Q

Smooth ER function

A

Makes steroids in gland cells, regulates calcium in muscle cells and breaks down toxic materials in liver cells

42
Q

Rough ER function

A

Protein export and taking proteins to cell membrane

43
Q

Golgi Apparatus structure

A

Consists of 6 flat stacked sacs whose membrane often connects in with the ER

44
Q

Golgi Apparatus function

A

“Packaging Plant”

Refines, packages, and delivers proteins made by ribosomes

45
Q

The 5 steps to the Golgi Apparatus packaging process

A
  1. Proteins arrive to the Golgi sacs
  2. Attached a sugar to the protein forming a glycoprotein
  3. Glycoprotein pass through each layer and are modified by either gaining or losing sugars
  4. Packaged into Golgi membrane and pinched off into a vesicle
  5. Either sent o to other organelles or sent to cell membrane to release substances as a “secretion”
46
Q

Lysosome structure

A

Tiny sacs that contain digestive enzymes

“medium size dots”

47
Q

Lysosome function

A

“Garbage disposals”

Get rid of waste in cell such as dead organelles and metabolic by products

48
Q

Why are Lysosomes called “suicide bags”

A

When they burst the cell dies

49
Q

Cytoskeleton structure

A 
Long protein strands (microfilaments) 
Small tubes (microtubules)
50
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A

“Bones” and “Muscles” of the cell that provide support and movement

51
Q

2 types of Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments

Microtubules

52
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of actin protein that function in cell movement and muscle contraction

53
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes that give support and form the spindle fibers during cell division

54
Q

Cilia structure

A

Made of microtubules

short and numerous attached to the cell membrane

55
Q

Cilia function

A

Assist in movement of the cell or substances across the cell

56
Q

Flagella structure

A

Made of Microtubles
Long and tail like
only 1-3 per cell attached to the cell membrane

57
Q

Flagella function

A

Assist in movement of the cell or substances across the cell

58
Q

Peroxisome structure

A

Membrane sacs that contain detoxifying enzymes
Abundant in liver and kidney cells
( Bigger than Lysosomes)
Medium / large dots within the cell

59
Q

Peroxisome function

A

Reactions that detoxify substances such as alcohol and metabolic by products such as hydrogen peroxide

60
Q

2 centrioles together make

A

Centrosome

61
Q

Centriole structure

A

2 hollow cylinders

62
Q

Centriole function

A

Distribute chromosomes to newly formed cells created by mitosis (ensure proper amount of DNA goes to each new cell)

CTC Bio 1107 (49 decks)

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