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Body Logistics > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Which rib attaches at the level of the sternal angle?

A

2nd Rib

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2
Q

What two membrane types are present in the respiratory system, and where?

A

Mucous membranes, bearing mucus secreted cells, line the conducting portion of the respiratory tract.
Serous membranes line the pleural sacs which envelope each lung. Parietal membrane and visceral membrane.

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3
Q

What lies in between the visceral and parietal serosa?

A

A thin layer of lubricating fluid

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4
Q

What is the medical term for air in the pleural cavity?

A

Pneumothorax

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5
Q

What is the name for blood in the pleural cavity?

A

Haemothorax

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6
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

When there is excess fluid in the pleural cavity

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7
Q

Why is it important that a chest drain is inserted above the superior border of the lower rib?

A

Intercostal veins, arteries and nerves lie in the costal groove in the inferior border of ribs. These must be avoided.

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8
Q

What is the danger associated with inserting a chest drain below the 7th intercostal space?

A

You may penetrate the diaphragm

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9
Q

How can cancer of the lung result in paralysis on one side of the diaphragm?

A

The tumour can impinge on either the left or right phrenic nerve, which supplies the diaphragm. On an X-ray, will show as elevation of the diaphragm dome.

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10
Q

Cancer in the apex of the lung can impinge on the brachial plexus, what would be the effect of this?

A

Wasting of the muscles in the lower arm, which are supplied by nerves extending from C8 and T1 the brachial plexus.

  • Wasting of thenar eminence and interosseus muscles of the palm
  • Clawing of the hand
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11
Q

What is another name for a tumour in the apex of the lung?

A

Pancoast tumour

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12
Q

What is the name of the disease which is caused by pancoast tumour suppression of the sympathetic trunk?

A

Horner’s syndrome

Characterised by a droopy upper eyelid (ptosis) and a constricted pupil (miosis)

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13
Q

A hoarse voice can be a symptom associated with what type of cancer of the lung?

A

Apex cancer which impinges on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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14
Q

Where does the conducting portion of the respiratory tract extend from and to?

A

From the nasal cavity to bronchioles.

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles.

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15
Q

What is classified as the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli.

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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16
Q

At what point does the respiratory system become ‘intrapulmonary’?

A

After the primary bronchi, which are extrapulmonary, the secondary bronchi are intrapulmonary.

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17
Q

What epithelium lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

18
Q

Where in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system is there a simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts, with clara cells a few scattered cilia.

19
Q

What epithelium lines the terminal bronchioles and the bronchioles and what does it contain?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with clara cells and cilia.

NO GOBLET CELLS

20
Q

Where is psuedostratified epithelium found in the respiratory tract, and what cells does it contain?

A

The conducting portion from the nasal cavity to the secondary bronchi. It contains cilia and goblet cells .

21
Q

The nasal cavity is split into non-olfactory and olfactory regions. How do the epitheliums differ?

A

Non- olfactory: psuedostratified ciliated epithelium
- mucous glands in lamina propria

Olfactory:Very thick psuedostratified columnar epithelium.

  • No goblet cells
  • Posterior, Superior region of each nasal fossa
22
Q

What does each vocal cord of the larynx contain?

A
  1. A vocal ligament (large bundle of elastic fibres running from front to back)
  2. A vocalis muscle (bundle of skeletal muscle)
23
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

24
Q

What components of the larynx contribute to the resonance of the voice?

A

The ventricles together with the ventricular folds

25
Q

The ventricular folds of the larynx are lined by _________ epithelium and contain __________ and numerous ___________.

A

A.psuedostratified epithelium

B.mucous glands
C.lymph nodules

26
Q

What are functions of the vocal cords?

A

Prevent foreign objects from reaching the lungs.

Close to build up pressure when coughing is required.

27
Q

In the mid-thorax, the trachea does what?

A

Divides into 2 bronchi

28
Q

How does the structure of primary bronchi differ from the trachea?

A

Complete cartilage ring and spiral muscle

29
Q

Secretions from the epithelium and submucosal glands of the trachea and bronchi contain…

A

Mucins
Water
Serum proteins
Lysozyme (destroys bacteria)
Anti proteases (destroy bacterial enzymes)
Lymphocytes which contribute immunoglobulins - IgA particularly.

30
Q

What changes occur in the tracheal epithelium in COPD?

A
  • Goblet cell hyperplasia
  • Smaller proportion of ciliated cells
  • Hypertrophy of submucous glands

..So more mucus and less cilia to move the mucus.

31
Q

What part of the respiratory system is cartilage arranged in islands/ irregular crescent shapes rather than rings?

A

Secondary and tertiary bronchi and bronchus

32
Q

What part of the respiratory tract contains no cartilage or glands?

A

Bronchioles

33
Q

Which artery carries oxygenated blood to the lung tissue?

A

Bronchial artery

34
Q

How can the absence of cartilage in the walls of bronchioles be problematic?

A

Allows the air passages to constrict and almost close down when smooth muscle contraction becomes excessive.
E.g in asthma. Difficulty during expiration as the bronchial walls are no longer held open by the surrounding alveoli.

35
Q

What do clara cells secrete?

A

A surfactant lipoprotein, prevents the walls sticking together during expiration.

Clara cell protein (CC16).

  • Marker used.
  • Low levels suggest lung damag.
36
Q

What are the features of alveolar walls ?

A
  • abundant capillaries
  • supported by a basketwork of elastic and reticular fibres
  • have a covering composed of chiefly type I pneumocytes.
  • have a scattering of intervening type II pneumocytes.
37
Q

What are Type I cells in the alveoli?

A

Squamous cells
Cover 90% of the surface area
Permit gas exchange with capillaries

38
Q

What are type II cells in the alveoli?

A
  • Cuboidal
  • Cover 10% of the SA
  • Produce surfactant
39
Q

What important immune cell is also present in the alveoli?

A

Numerous macrophages line the alveolar space, phagocytose particles.

40
Q

What disease results from the destruction of alveolar walls and enlargement of air spaces?

A

Emphysema.

Damage to alveolar walls makes the bronchioles collapse, making it difficult for the lungs to empty. Air becomes trapped in the alveoli.

41
Q

What is the hallmark sign of emphysema?

A

Pursed-lip breathing

42
Q

What is being described:

Inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria. The lung consolidates as the alveoli fill with inflammatory cells.

A

Pneumonia

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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