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Body Logistics > Epithelial Tissue And Skin > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissue And Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Define epithelia

A

Sheets of contiguous cells lining the internal surfaces and covering the external surface of the body.

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2
Q

What is a mucous membrane? Give an example of where it can be found.

A

Membrane that bears mucus-secreting cells to varying degrees. Alimentary tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract.

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3
Q

Outline the structure of a mucus membrane.

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria = connective tissue
  3. Alimentary tract: muscularis mucosae
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4
Q

What layer of the mucous membrane contains mucosal glands?

A

Lamina propria

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5
Q

What is a serous membrane?

A

A thin, 2 part membrane which lines certain closed body cavities. E.g lung pleura, peritoneum, pericardium

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6
Q

What are the components of a serous membrane?

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium which secretes a lubricating fluid.
  2. Thin layer of CT which attaches the epithelium to adjacent tissues
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7
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous membrane called?

A

Visceral and parietal

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8
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

A strong, flexible, acellular layer that epithelial cells adhere to. Consists of a basal lamina laid down by epithelial cells.

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

Simple, squamous keratinised epithelium

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10
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis?

A

Basal layer, Prickle cell layer, granular layer, stratum corneum (horny layer)

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11
Q

What occurs in the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocyte mitosis, daughter keratinocytes move up to the prickle cell layer.

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12
Q

What occurs in the prickle cell layer?

A

Terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and they lose their ability to divide.

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13
Q

What occurs in the granular layer?

A

Keratinocytes lose their plasma membrane and begin differentiating to corneocytes.

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14
Q

What is the horny layer/stratum corneum comprised of?

A

Layers of flattened corneocytes.

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15
Q

Other than keratinocytes, which cell types are present in the epidermis?

A
  1. langerhans cells in the prickle cell layer

2. Melanocyes in the basal layer

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16
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic cells with an immune function. They are APC’s which present antigens to T cells.

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17
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Secrete melanin in their melanosomes which are then released into adjacent keratinocytes in the basal layer.

18
Q

What is the ion channel affected in cystic fibrosis?

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) channel which is present on the apical membrane of epithelial cells.

19
Q

What does the CTFR transport?

A

Chloride ions

20
Q

What is the result of a CTFR mutation?

A

Misfolded protein which cannot insert in the apical membrane.

21
Q

What are 5 systems that are affected by cystic fibrosis?

A
  1. Respiratory tract
  2. GI tract
  3. Reproductive tract
  4. Pancreas
  5. Sweat glands
22
Q

Lots of the effects of cystic fibrosis are due to alterations in the mucus. Explain this.

A

The CTFR usually pumps Cl- into the mucus, which means that water will follow and hydrate the mucus. Without this protein, mucus can become too viscous and difficult to clear.

23
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect the pancreas?

A

The exocrine secretions of the pancreas contain too little water and become thickened, blocking the ducts. The gland then becomes inflamed and fibrotic.

24
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect the respiratory system?

A

Viscous mucus is harder to clear, serious pulmonary infection can result.

25
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect the skin?

A

CTFR usually pumps Cl- back into the body from the skin. Without CTFR, less Cl- is reabsorbed and sweat is rich in chloride and sodium ions.

26
Q

How does cystic fibrosis affect the reproductive system?

A

Absent vas deferens

27
Q

Cystic fibrosis can cause constipation in adults and meconium ileus in newborns.True or false?

A

True

28
Q

How can you classify exocrine glands by destination of their secretion?

A

Endocrine - into blood

Exocrine - through ducts

29
Q

How can you classify exocrine glands by method of secretion?

A

Holocrine - whole cell breaks down
Merocrine - vesicular exocytosis
Apocrine - secreted droplets covered in plasmolemma

30
Q

Which organ has both exocrine and endocrine function?

A

Pancreas! Exocrine - pancreatic juices into duodenum

Endocrine- insulin

31
Q

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

Submandibular, Sublingual and parotid

32
Q

Define a ‘gland’.

A

An epithelial cell or collection of cells that is specialised for secretion.

33
Q

Give an example of stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium?

A

Oesophagus, oral cavity, larynx.

Withstands abrasion.

34
Q

What are the functions of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium?

A 
Skin epidermis.
protection against abrasion and physical trauma
Prevents water loss
Prevents ingress of microbes
Shields UV damage
35
Q

Where is transitional epithelium located?

A

Bladder

36
Q

What do the endothelium, bowmans’ capsule, loop of henle and alveoli have in common?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

37
Q

Give an example of where simple cuboidal epithelium is found.

A

Pancreatic duct, thyroid follicles.

38
Q

Where can pseudostratified epithelium be found?

A

Upper respiratory tract - trachea + bronchi

39
Q

What surfaces is psoriasis likely to affect?

A

Extensor surfaces - e.g elbow

40
Q

What are functions of the skin?

A
  1. protection
  2. Thermal regulation and insulation
  3. Excretion and secretion
  4. Sensation
  5. immunity
  6. Endocrine - produce vit D3 in epidermis
  7. Growth
41
Q

What type of collagen is in the basal lamina?

A

4

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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