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Body Logistics > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

How many litres of lymph is collected every day?

A

3L. 20 litres leaves at the arteriole end and 17L returns at to the venous end.

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2
Q

What are the key components of the lymphatic system?

A 
Lymph vessels
Lymph fluid 
Tissues
Organs 
Cells - lymphocytes (B + T cells, NK cells)
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3
Q

Where do lymph vessels tend to lie?

A

Adjacent to arteries and veins

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4
Q

In the limbs, deep lymphatics passes through muscles. What is the significance of this?

A

Skeletal muscle contraction aids lymph flow

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5
Q

What do larger lymphatics content in their vessel walls?

A

Smooth muscle, contraction of this is important to lymph flow

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6
Q

Where is there no lymphatics?

A

CNS

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7
Q

What 3 key things aid the flow of lymph?

A
  1. Pressure changes in the thorax
  2. Skeletal muscle contraction
  3. Pulsation of adjacent arteries
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8
Q

What could be the possible causes of lympoedema?

A

Patient may be born without enough lymphatics, or lymphatics not functioning properly.

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9
Q

Name examples of diffuse lymphatic tissues.

A

GALT - gastric associated
BALT - bronchus associated
MALT - mucosal associated

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10
Q

Name 3 lymph organs.

A

Thymus
Spleen
Lymph nodes

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11
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Serves as a filter as lymph makes its way towards the vascular system.

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12
Q

Outline the structure of a lymph node?

A

Outer capsule
Afferent vessels entering the cortex and efferent vessels leaving at the hilum.
The cortex contains germinal centres.

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13
Q

What type of cell is abundant in germinal centres?

A

Follicular dendritic cells - present antigens to activate B cells
Professional APC’s - macrophages, B cells

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14
Q

What is the different between an inflammatory response and an immune response?

A

Inflammatory response occurs first - neutrophils and macrophages.
Immune response may then be stimulated by antigen presentation.

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15
Q

Through which vessel do lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?

A

The feeding artery

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16
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlarged lymph nodes

17
Q

What could be a cause of lymphadenophathy?

A

Infection - as lymph nodes fight infection, germinal centres swell with increasing number of lymphocytes.

Lymphoma often presents as this

18
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Filters blood in the same way that lymph nodes do.
Immune function - APC and antigen presentation
Additional haemoatopoetic function - removal and destruction of aged erythrocytes and platelets

19
Q

Why can a ruptured spleen lead to death?

A

It has a very rich blood supply and is fragile, exsanguination.

20
Q

What are the consequences of a splenectomy?

A

Increased risk of infection by incapsulated bacteria.
Increased risk of DVT - increased platelet?

Liver and bone marrow can take over role of erythrocyte removal.

21
Q

What type of oedema is characterised by PITTING?

A

Oedema. (Not lympoedema)

22
Q

During oedema, why is there increased swelling at the ankles?

A

Pressure is -10 at head and +90mm at feet. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure at feet.

23
Q

What are causes of oedema?

A

Heart failure - increased back up of venous pressure
Liver failure - decreased albumin production
Kidney disease

24
Q

What is the most common place to have oedema when lying down?

A

Sacrum of back

25
Q

What are the major functions of complement?

A
  1. Opsonisation - c3b
  2. Inflammation - 5a
  3. Lysis - MAC complex destroys cells
26
Q

What are the 2 main ways that phagocytes can destroy engulfed pathogens?

A
  1. Oxygen-dependent killing

2. Oxygen- independent killing

27
Q

What is the pressure at the arteriole end of the capillaries and how does this impact fluid movement?

A

35mmHg.

Hydrostatic pressure > Oncotic pressure so fluid leaves the capillary at the arterial end.

28
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure at the venous end, what significance does this have?

A

15mmHg, Oncotic pressure> hydrostatic pressure so fluid returns to the venous end.

29
Q

What is the capillary oncotic pressure?

A

25 mmHg

30
Q

Give an example of a lymph node.

A

Tonsils - palatine, lingual, adenoid

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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