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System Screenings I > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Protection
  3. Regulation
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2
Q

Process by which immature cells deveol into mature blood cells

A

Hematopoesis

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3
Q

Where is blood produced?

A

Flat bones

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4
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A
  1. Plasma (55-60%)
  2. Buffy layer (WBCs and Platelets)
  3. Hematocrit (40-45%)
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5
Q

What is the average RBC count?

A
  1. Males 4.6-6.2 million/mL

2. Females 4.2-5.4 million/mL

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6
Q

What is the hemoglobin count?

A
  1. Males 14-17 g/dL

2. Females 12-16 g/dL

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7
Q

What are the different measurements of RBC?

A
  1. RBC count
  2. Hemoglobin concentration*
  3. Hematocrit
  4. C something abbreviations
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8
Q

If a RBC measurement has C in its abbreviation, what does that mean?

A

Dealing with oxygen

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9
Q

What are the causes of anemia?

A
  1. Decreased RBC production
  2. Excessive blood loss
  3. RBC destruction
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10
Q

What are the S and S of anemia?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Weakness
  3. Dizziness
  4. Pale skin
  5. Irregular heart beat
  6. Shortness of breath
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11
Q

What is the most common form of anemia?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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12
Q

What are the types of anemia?

A
  1. Iron deficiency anemia
  2. Vitamin deficiency
  3. Aplastic anemia
  4. Postoperative anemia
  5. Anemia of chronic disease
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13
Q

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia? What are there other causes?

A

Chronic blood loss from medication (i.e., NSAIDs) and GI disorders (i.e., ulcers);

  1. Poor nutrition
  2. Inability to absorb iron
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Heavy menstruation
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14
Q

Anemia that results from deficiency of folate and vitamin B12

A

Vitamin deficiency anemia

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15
Q

Anemia that results from complete cessation of RBC production from bone marrow failure

A

Aplastic anemia

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16
Q

Anemia that results from blood loss during and after major surgery

A

Postoperative anemia

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17
Q

Anemia that is found in patients with long term medical conditions

A

Anemia of chronic disease (decrease responsiveness of bone marrow to produce less RBCs)

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18
Q

How low is Hb count too low for PT?

A
  1. Hgb < 8 only essential daily activities

2. Hgb > 8 light activity (ambulation and self care) as tolerated

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19
Q

What WBCs are granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
20
Q

What WBCs are agruanulocytes?

A
  1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

21
Q

What are the two disorders of WBCs (aka leukocytes)?

A
  1. Leukopenia (not enough) aka neutropenia

2. Leukocytosis (too many)

22
Q

Leukemia classification:
The abnormal blood cells are blasts that remain very immature and cannot carry out their normal functions; the number of blasts increases rapidly, and the disease gets worse quickly

A

Acute

23
Q

Leukemia classification:
some blast cells are present, but in general, these cells are more mature and can carry out some of their normal functions; gets worse gradually

A

Chronic (slower progression of disease)

24
Q

Leukemia classification:

Abnormal WBC’s are lymphocytes

A

Lymphoblastic or lymphocytic

25
Q

Leukemia classification:

Abnormal WBC’s are granulocytes or monocytes

A

Myeloid

26
Q

Massive infiltration of bone marrow with immature lymphocyte cells that also spill out into the blood;Peak in children <5 years, rare in adults

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

5yr survival: 69%, 92% in children >15

27
Q

Lymphocytes mutate and are stimulated to increase and avoid cell death

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

5yr survival: 83%

28
Q

Massive infiltration of blasts (immature cells); Most common leukemia in adults

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

5yr survival: 25%, 65% in children >15

29
Q

Overproduction of WBC’s; Chronic phase to accelerated phase to aggressive phase; slow, non- specific onset

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

5yr survival rate: 59%

30
Q

Solid tumors arising from cells of lymphatic system; Lymph nodes involved first and often spreads to extranodal tissue

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Good prognosis if under 60 and lack of extra nodal involvement

31
Q

What are the stages of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Stage I: single lymph node region
Stage II: two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm
Stage III: lymph node involvement on both sides of the diaphragm
Stage IV: wide spread with involvement of one or more extranodal tissues and nonlymphoid organs

32
Q

Malignancies of plasma cells in bone marrow; Collection of abnormal cells accumulate in bones; Bone loss leads to bone pain, fractures, spinal cord compression, hypercalcemia

A

Multiple Myeloma

33
Q

Clot is large enough to obstruct a small vessel

A

Thrombus

34
Q

Clot breaks free and travels in the bloodstream

A

Embolus

35
Q

Secrete clotting factors which promote blood clotting; Secrete vasoconstrictors; Form temporary plugs to stop bleeding; Dissolve blood clots that have outlasted their usefulness

A

Platelets

36
Q

What medications are commonly prescribed to decrease clotting?

A

Paraffin, Coumadin, Heparin (Aspirin and NSAIDs also)

37
Q

RBC excess caused by protein mutation; Chronic state can lead to enlarge spleen, blood clots, stroke, or myocardial infarction; Main treatment is phlebotomy

A

Polycythemia Vera

38
Q

Platelets are high, but stick together and aren’t able to do their job; Increased platelet count; Higher risk of stroke and myocardial infarction

A

Thrombocythemia

39
Q

Most common inherited bleeding disorder; Symptoms usually are mild

A

von Willebrand’s Disease

40
Q

Rare bleeding disorder inherited as a sex-linked autosomal recessive trait; A lacks clot factor 8 (80% cases), B lacks clot factor 9 (20% cases); Life threatening if deep internal bleeding or bleeding in joints

A

Hemophilia

41
Q

Decrease in platelet count; Increased risk of bleeding; Often caused by another disorder (leukemia, metastatic cancer, and aggressive chemotherapy)

A

Thrombocytopenia

42
Q

What are the two hemoglobinopathies?

A
  1. Sickle cell disease

2. Thalassemia

43
Q

Autosomal recessive disorder; defect in the synthesis of hemoglobin; Causes RBC’s to change from biconcave to crescent or sickle shape; Clog small blood vessels and deprive tissue of adequate blood supply

A

Sickle cell disease

44
Q

Abnormalities in 1 or more of the 4 global genes resulting in incomplete or abnormal formation of Hgb; Severe forms needs frequent blood transfusions

A

Thalassemia

45
Q

Occurs when organs aren’t getting enough blood or oxygen

A

Shock

46
Q

What are S and S of shock?

A
  1. Cool, clammy skin
  2. Pale, ashen skin
  3. Rapid pulse
  4. Rapid breathing
  5. Nausea or vomiting
  6. Enlarged pupils
  7. Weakness or fatigue
  8. Dizziness or fainting
  9. Change in mental status
47
Q

What should hematocrit levels be at?

A

Males 42-52%

Females 37-48%

System Screenings I (23 decks)

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