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Neuroscience > 07a: The Eye > Flashcards

07a: The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

The eye is comprised of three principal layers called (X). List them.

A

X = Tunics

  1. Corneoscleral
  2. Uveal
  3. Retinal
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2
Q

Thick curved structure at anterior portion of eye.

A

Cornea

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3
Q

Cornea (is/isn’t) transparent and has which layer(s)?

A

Is;

  1. Stratified squamous (NK) epithelium
  2. Bowman’s membrane
  3. CT stroma
  4. Descemet’s membrane
  5. Endothelium
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4
Q

White of the eye.

A

Sclera

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5
Q

Sclera (is/isn’t) transparent and is composed of which type of tissue?

A

Isn’t;

Dense irregular CT

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6
Q

Limbus of the eye is what?

A

Junction between cornea and sclera

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7
Q

Lamina cribrosa of eye is:

A

portion of sclera at back of eye that’s disrupted by penetrating axons/blood vessels

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8
Q

The (X) is found in the uveal layer of the eye and forms aperture called (Y) to admit light into eye.

A 
X = iris;
Y = pupil
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9
Q

Size of pupil is controlled by:

A

Sphincter and dilator pupillae

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10
Q

Sphincter pupillae controlled by (X) and dilated pupillae controlled by (Y).

A 
X = parasympathetic NS
Y = sympathetic NS
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11
Q

The ciliary body is located immediately behind (X). It contains (Y). What underlies it?

A 
X = iris;
Y = ciliary processes;
Z = ciliary muscle
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12
Q

Immediately behind ciliary body is the (X), which extends as a layer on underside of (Y).

A 
X = choroid;
Y = sclera
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13
Q

(X) structure of eye contains enormous amount of pigment to absorb stray light.

A

X = choroid

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14
Q

Photoreceptors supplied by dense capillary plexus called (X), which is contained in (Y) structure of eye.

A 
X = choriocapillaris;
Y = choroid
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15
Q

Bruch’s membrane separates:

A

Retina and choroid layers

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16
Q

Retinal tunic consists of which layers? Star the one closest to choroid layer.

A
  1. Neural retina

2. Retinal pigment epithelium layer (RPE)*

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17
Q

Retinal pigment epithelium is (single/multi)-layered and composed of (simple/cuboidal/columnar) cells containing (X).

A

Single; cuboidal

X = pigment

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18
Q

List the spaces in the eye.

A
  1. Anterior chamber
  2. Posterior chamber
  3. Vitreal chamber
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19
Q

Anterior chamber walls.

A

Cornea (anterior) and Iris/lens (posterior)

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20
Q

Posterior chamber walls.

A

Ant: iris
Post: zonules
Medial: lens
Lateral: ciliary body

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21
Q

(X) are small CT fibers attached to ciliary body and (Y) to hold (Y) in place.

A 
X = Zonules;
Y = lens
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22
Q

Posterior chamber of eye contains (X) fluid.

A

X = clear aqueous humor

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23
Q

Anterior chamber of eye contains (X) fluid.

A

X = clear aqueous humor

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24
Q

T/F: Fluid can travel between posterior and anterior chambers of eye.

A

True

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25
Q

(X) chamber is between (Y) and the back of the eye. It’s filled with what fluid?

A 
X = vitreous
Y = lens

Vitreous humor

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26
Q

Vitreous humor has which consistency/color?

A

Clear, gel-like

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27
Q

(X) is mucous membrane that’s continuous with cornea and and lies on top of (Y).

A 
X = conjunctiva;
Y = sclera
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28
Q

List the portions of the conjunctiva and what each one lies on.

A
  1. Palpebral (on back of eyelid)

2. Bulbar (on sclera)

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29
Q

Tear film of fluid covers (X) structure of eye. List its layers.

A

X = cornea;

  1. Outer lipid layer
  2. Middle aqueous layer
  3. Inner mucous layer
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30
Q

Innermost (X) layer of tear film is produced by (Y).

A 
X = mucous;
Y = goblet cells of conjunctiva
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31
Q

Middle (X) layer of tear film is produced by (Y).

A 
X = aqueous
Y = lacrimal glands
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32
Q

Outermost (X) layer of tear film is produced by (Y).

A 
X = lipid
Y = tarsal (Meibomian) glands of eyelid
33
Q

An optically smooth surface of eye is possible, despite micrivilli projections of (X) epithelium, because (Y) fills in the gaps.

A 
X = corneal;
Y = innermost mucous layer of tear film
34
Q

Which layer of tear film has defensive/protective properties due to presence of (X).

A

Middle aqueous layer;

Lactoferrin, lysozyme, IgA

35
Q

T/F: Epithelium of cornea is highly innervated

A

True - very sensitive to touch

36
Q

T/F: Cornea is as sensitive to touch as fingertips.

A

False - 10x more sensitive

37
Q

Corneal epithelium has (X), preventing anything from getting in/out.

A

X = tight junctions

38
Q

Basement membrane of corneal endothelium is called:

A

Descemet’s membrane

39
Q

Corneal epithelium has (high/low) stem cell population and is (very/minimally) metabolically active.

A

Low; Very

40
Q

Cornea is transparent due to fluid being constantly pumped (into/out) across (X) cells on its (inner/outer) margin.

A

Out;
X = endothelial
Inner

41
Q

(High/low) organization of (X) in cornea when compared to sclera also contributes to its transparency.

A

High;

X = Type I collagen fibrils

42
Q

The cornea is (vascular/avascular), meaning it must receive oxygen/nutrients from (X).

A

Avascular;

X = aqueous humor and air

43
Q

Stem cells of cornea are located at (X).

A

X = limbus

44
Q

Cells of lens are very (small/large) and formally called (X).

A

Large;

X = lens fibers

45
Q

What contributes to (color/transparency) of lens?

A

Transparency;

  1. Anucleate cells
  2. Highly organized crystalline proteins (“crystallins”) in lens fibers
46
Q

“Cataracts” is a condition in which:

A

Lens becomes cloudy/opaque due to conformational change in crystallin molecules of lens fibers

47
Q

In near focus, lens is which shape?

A

Round

48
Q

In distant focus, lens is which shape?

A

Ellipsoid

49
Q

Pulling on zonules will make lens more (round/ellipsoid).

A

Ellipsoid

50
Q

Contraction of ciliary muscle will make lens more (round/ellipsoid) because it (increases/decreases) tension on (X).

A

Round;
Decreases;
X = zonules

51
Q

You think you see something in the distance, so you try and focus on the object to ID it. Your ciliary muscles (contract/relax) to allow (rounder/flatter) lens and (less/greater) bending of light.

A

Relax;
flatter;
less

52
Q

Presbyopia is a condition in which (X) loses its (Y).

A 
X = lens;
Y = flexibility
53
Q

In the eye, the epithelium of (X) filters blood and a (high/low)-protein plasma is (passively/actively) transported into (X) chamber to provide nourishment for avascular structures.

A

X = ciliary body;
Low;
Actively;
X = posterior

54
Q

Production of aqueous humor is achieved by:

A

Ciliary body epithelium

55
Q

“The angle” in the eye is between (X) structures and contains (Y).

A 
X = iris and cornea;
Y = trabecular meshwork
56
Q

(X) passes through trabecular meshwork and enters (Y) before going to (Z).

A 
X = aqueous humor;
Y = canal of Schlemm;
Z = episcleral venous system
57
Q

In most basic terms, glaucoma refers to condition in which:

A

intra-ocular pressure is increased

58
Q

What are the two types of glaucoma?

A
  1. Open-angle

2. Closed-angle

59
Q

In open-angle glaucoma, what are possible underlying issues?

A
  1. Increased production of aqueous humor by ciliary body

2. Particulate matter blocking trabecular meshwork

60
Q

In closed-angle glaucoma, what are possible underlying issues?

A

Angle of eye too closed (due to displacement of iris), blocking aqueous humor drainage

61
Q

Vitreous humor is composed of:

A
  1. Hyaluronic acid
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Type II collagen
  4. Water
62
Q

List layers of retina, from innermost (near vitreous chamber) to outermost (near RPE).

A
  1. GCL (ganglion cell layer)
  2. IPL (inner plexiform)
  3. INL (inner nuclear)
  4. OPL (outer plexiform)
  5. ONL (outer nuclear)
  6. Photoreceptors (rods and cones)
63
Q

There are several types of cells in the (X) layer of retina. List them.

A

X = INL

  1. Bipolar
  2. Horizontal
  3. Amacrine
  4. Muller
64
Q

Cell bodies of photoreceptors make up (X) layer of retina.

A

X = ONL

65
Q

Photoreceptors make connections with dendrites of other neurons in (X) layer of retina.

A

X = OPL

66
Q

(X) cells receive signals from photoreceptors and relay the signals to dendrites of (Y) that are present in (Z) layer of retina.

A 
X = bipolar;
Y = retinal ganglion cells;
Z = IPL
67
Q

Ganglion cell axons that are (myelinated/unmyelinated) travel across (inner/outer) eye surface and head to (X), where they’re (myelinated/unmyelinated).

A

Unmyelinated;
Inner;
X = optic disc
Myelinated

68
Q

At optic disc, (X) axons (enter/exit) by penetrating the (Y).

A

X = ganglion cell;
Exit;
Y = sclera

69
Q

Papilledema is a condition in which (X) causes visible (Y).

A 
X = increase in intracranial pressure 
Y = swelling of optic disc
70
Q

In (X), a specialized part of retina, all cell layers besides (Y) have been pushed aside.

A 
X = fovea;
Y = cones
71
Q

T/F: There are about 100x times cones than there are rods in fovea.

A

False - no rods! only cones

72
Q

Cones in fovea are (thicker/thinner) and have (higher/lower/equivalent) packing density as other parts of retina.

A

Thinner; higher

73
Q

(X) is area of central vision.

A

X = fovea

74
Q

What allows for such high resolution vision in fovea?

A

Dense packing of cones

75
Q

Inner (X) portion of retina blood supply.

A

X = 2/3

Branches of central retinal artery

76
Q

(X) form sockets for photoreceptors to nestle in.

A

X = RPE cells

77
Q

The eyes developed as outpouchings of (X) known as (Y). This is why retina and optic nerve are both part of (PNS/CNS).

A

X = diencephalon
Y = optic stalk
CNS

78
Q

During development, inner layer of optic cup will eventually form (X) and outer layer will form (Y). Space between them is called (Z).

A 
X = retina;
Y = RPE
Z = intraretinal space
79
Q

A blow to the head can cause retinal detachment, which is separation of (X) from (Y).

A 
X = retina;
Y = RPE

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