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Neuroscience > 11b: Cerebellum > Flashcards

11b: Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebellum gives rise to (X) descending motor pathway.

A

Doesn’t give rise to any descending motor pathways

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2
Q

Embryologically, the cerebellum is a (sensory/motor) structure, derived from (X).

A

Sensory;

X = alar plate

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3
Q

Does cerebellar damage causes paralysis/paresis? Why/why not?

A

No - no direct connection with alpha/gamma MN

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4
Q

(X) fissure of cerebellum separates which lobes? Star the largest.

A

X = primary;

Anterior and posterior*

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5
Q

The flocculonodular lobe is (rostral/caudal) to and partly covered by (X) lobe.

A

Caudal;

X = posterior

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6
Q

Archicerebellum consists of (X) and is concerned with (Y).

A 
X = flocculonodular lobe
Y = maintaining equilibrium and adjusting anti-gravity muscles during movement
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7
Q

Paleocerebellum consists of (X) and is concerned with (Y).

A 
X = anterior lobe and vermis
Y = postural reflexes
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8
Q

Neocerebellum consists of (X) and is concerned with (Y).

A 
X = posterior lobe
Y = smoothing fine voluntary movements (of distal musculature)
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9
Q

Archicerebellum has connections with:

A
  1. Vestibular nuclei

2. Reticular formation

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10
Q

Paleocerebellum has connections with:

A
  1. Red nucleus
  2. Spincocerebellar system
  3. Olivocerebellar system
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11
Q

Neocerebellum has connections with:

A

Entire cerebral cortex (via pons) and motor cortex (via thalamus)

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12
Q

Cerebellar function is (ipsi/contra/bi)-lateral. And its afferent inputs are (ipsi/contra/bi)-lateral.

A

Ipsilateral; ipsilateral

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13
Q

Cerebellar projections (do/don’t) cross midline to influence motor cortex.

A

Do

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14
Q

Cerebellar projections (do/don’t) cross midline to influence reticular formation.

A

Don’t

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15
Q

Cerebellar projections (do/don’t) cross midline to influence tectum.

A

Do

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16
Q

Cerebellar projections (do/don’t) cross midline to influence red nucleus.

A

Do

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17
Q

Cerebellar projections (do/don’t) cross midline to influence vestibular nuclei.

A

Don’t

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18
Q

Cerebellar cortex is composed of (X) number of layers with (Y) different cell types.

A 
X = 3
Y = 5
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19
Q

Deepest cerebellar layer is the (X), composed of (loosely/densely) packed (Y) cells.

A

X = granular cell layer
Densely
Y = granule cells

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20
Q

List the excitatory neurons of the cerebellar cortex.

A

Only granule cells

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21
Q

The granule cells send their axons to (X), where the axons branch and run through (Y) layer as (Z).

A 
X = Y = Molecular layer of cerebellum
Z = parallel fibers
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22
Q

Most superficial layer of cerebellum.

A

Molecular layer

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23
Q

Parallel fibers are axons that belong to which cells?

A

Granule cells

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24
Q

List the cell layers of the cerebellum, from deep to superficial.

A
  1. Granular cell layer
  2. Purkinjie cell layer
  3. Molecular cell layer
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25
Q

(X) cell layer of cerebellum has (loosely/densely) packed (Y) cells, which are the principal projection neurons of cerebellar cortex.

A

X = Y = purkinjie;

Loosely

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26
Q

The fan-like dendrites of (X) cells of cerebellum extend into (Y) layer, where they’re oriented in (Z) plane.

A 
X = purkinjie
Y = molecular
Z = saggital
27
Q

Parallel fibers of (X) cells are (parallel/perpendicular) to dendrites of (Y) cells. What is the relationship between them?

A

X = granule
Perpendicular;
Y = purkinjie

Granule cell axons excite the dendrites

28
Q

There are (X) number of inhibitory interneurons in the molecular layer of cerebellum. List them. Star the ones that inhibit purkinjie cells.

A

X = 2

  1. Stellate cells*
  2. Small basket cells*
29
Q

The (X) cells receive excitatory input from parallel fibers and then terminate as (excitatory/inhibitory) synapses on (Y) cells.

A

X = stellate and basket
Inhibitory;
Y = purkinjie

30
Q

The (X) cell is found at the border of (Y) and (Z) cerebellar cell layers. It’s (excitatory/inhibitory).

A 
X = Golgi
Y = Purkinjie
Z = Granular

Inhibitory

31
Q

(Dendrites/axons) of (X) inhibitory cells extend into molecular layer of cerebellum.

A

Dendrites;

X = Golgi

32
Q

Golgi cells of cerebellum receive (excitatory/inhibitory) input from (X). Their axons terminate as (excitatory/inhibitory) synapses on (Y).

A

Excitatory;
X = parallel fibers
Inhibitory;
Y = mossy fibers

33
Q

In which layer are “mossy fiber” synapses found?

A

Granule cell layer

34
Q

Mossy fibers synapse onto (X) cells. This input is (excitatory/inhibitory).

A

X = granular

Excitatory

35
Q

The purkinjie cell uses (X) NT, so it’s action is (excitatory/inhibitory) on (Y).

A

X = GABA
Inhibitory;
Y = deep cerebellar nuclei

36
Q

The cells from (X) structure that excite deep cerebellar nuclei have which input on purkinjie cells?

A

X = inferior olive

Excitatory also

37
Q

All afferents that enter cerebellum terminate in which ways?

A
  1. Climbing fibers

2. Mossy fibers

38
Q

Climbing fibers arise exclusively from (X) structure. They “climb” and (excite/inhibit) (Y).

A

X = inferior olive
Excite;
Y = purkinjie dendrites/cells

39
Q

(Climbing/mossy) fibers terminate from all other afferent sources to cerebellum, except (X).

A

Mossy;

X = inferior olive

40
Q

Mossy fiber input produces (excitatory/inhibitory) drive on purkinjie cells by (exciting/inhibiting) (X).

A

Excitatory;
exciting;
X = granule cells

41
Q

Afferents to deep cerebellar nuclei come from collaterals of:

A

Climbing and mossy fibers

42
Q

A mossy fiber will send (excitatory/inhibitory) collateral to (X) (before/after) sending (excitatory/inhibitory) signal to (Y).

A 
Excitatory
X = deep cerebellar nuclei
Before;
Excitatory;
Y = granule cell
43
Q

List the deep cerebellar nuclei that send efferent output. Star the largest one.

A
  1. Fastigial nucleus
  2. Globose and Emboliform nuclei
  3. Dentate nucleus*
44
Q

Fastigial nucleus receives (X) cell input from (Y) lobe of cerebellum.

A 
X = purkinje;
Y = flocculonodular
45
Q

Globose and (X) nuclei receive input from which part of cerebellum?

A

X = Emboliform;

Paleocerebellum (vermis and anterior lobe)

46
Q

Dentate nucleus receives input from which part of cerebellum?

A

Neocerebellum (posterior lobe)

47
Q

Principal input to archicerebellum is from (X). Fibers enter through (SCP/MCP/ICP) and terminate as (Y).

A

X = vestibular apparatus
ICP;
Y = mossy fibers

48
Q

The cerebellar cortex of flocullonodular lobe compares (X) input with “intended” output of (Y) tract to compute required corrections.

A 
X = vestibular;
Y = vestibulospinal
49
Q

Fibers from (X) tract, carrying proprioceptive input from receptors of lower body, enter cerebellum via ICP and terminate as (Y) in which lobe(s)?

A 
X = DSCT
Y = mossy fibers

Anterior lobe and vermis (paleocerebellum)

50
Q

Axons from inferior olive project to (ipsi/contra/bi)-lateral (X) lobe(s) of cerebellum, where they terminate as (Y). They carry information regarding the (state/intent) of (Z).

A 
Contralateral;
X = anterior and vermis (paleocerebellum)
Y = climbing fibers;
Intent of 
Z = red nucleus
51
Q

Once (X) cerebellar lobes receive information regarding intent of rubrospinal tract, (Y) cells send axons to (Z) deep nuclei of cerebellum.

A 
X = anterior and vermis (paleocerebellum)
Y = purkinje
Z = globose and emboliform
52
Q

(X) deep nuclei of cerebellum receive info about intent of rubrospinal tract from purkinje cells. The nuclei then send efferents via (SCP/MCP/ICP) to (ipsi/contra/bi)-lateral (Y) to modulate that output.

A

X = globose and emboliform;
SCP; contralateral;
Y = red nucleus

53
Q

T/F: Exteroceptive input to neocerebellum arises from all sensory modalities, after being highly processed by cortex.

A

True

54
Q

Neocerebellum primarily modulates output of which motor tract?

A

Corticospinal tract

55
Q

Efferents from (ipsi/contra/bi)-lateral (X) enter neocerebellum via (SCP/MCP/ICP). Subsequent output from neocerbellum converges on (Y) nucleus.

A

Contralateral;
X = pons;
MCP;
Y = dentate

56
Q

(X) nucleus, with input from neocerebellum, sends efferents through (SCP/MCP/ICP) to (ipsi/contra/bi)-lateral (Y). This info then gets projected to (Z).

A

X = dentate;
SCP; contralateral;
Y = VA/VL;
Z = motor/premotor cortices

57
Q

T/F: The inferior olive is the sole source of climbing fibers for the entire cerebellum.

A

True

58
Q

Disequilibrium would likely be a symptom of damage to which part/lobe of cerebellum?

A

Archicerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)

59
Q

Ataxia, problems with limbs, gait/reaching, would likely be a symptom of damage to which part/lobe of cerebellum?

A

Paleocerebellum

60
Q

Intention tremor during voluntary movement would likely be a symptom of damage to which part/lobe of cerebellum?

A

Neocerebellum

61
Q

Problems targeting (dysmetria) or rapid alternation (adiadokokinesia) would likely be a symptom of damage to which part/lobe of cerebellum?

A

Neocerebellum

62
Q

Stellate cells send (excitatory/inhibitory) signals to which part of (X) cells?

A

Inhibitory;
Dendrites of
X = purkinje

63
Q

Basket cells send (excitatory/inhibitory) signals to which part of (X) cells?

A

Inhibitory;
Soma of
X = purkinje

64
Q

Afferent input to cerebellum is organized (transversely, longitudinally). Intrinsic processing is organized (transversely, longitudinally).

A

Longitudinally (sagittal bands of afferents);

Transversely (by parallel fibers)

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