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Biology 112 > Chapter 25/26 > Flashcards

Chapter 25/26 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogeny

A

an evololutionary tree

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2
Q

How is evolutionary history reconstructed?

A
  1. fossil record
  2. comparison of living species
  3. homologous traits
  4. analogous traits
  5. molecular comparisons
  6. geological time
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3
Q

homologous traits

A

similar because they wer inherited from a common ancestor

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4
Q

analogous traits

A

similar, but evolved independently

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5
Q

clade

A

a grouping that includes a common ancestor and its descendents on a phylogeny tree

forms a nested hierarchy

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6
Q

Eras

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

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7
Q

Precambrian Era

A

life arose sometime in this area - 3.5 bya oldest fossils

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8
Q

What is the earliest fossil?

A

prokaryote

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9
Q

What were the first cells?

A

protocells

have not been produced in a lab

they are droplets with membranes that have a different internal chemistry than their environment

clay greatly increases the rate of vesicle self-assembly

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10
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

explains mitochondria and chloroplasts

eukarote engulfing photosynthetic prokaryote.

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11
Q

Key evidence for endosymbiotic theory

A
  • inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes
  • division is binary fission
  • thiese organelles have their own DNA (circular) and transcribe and translate it
  • their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes
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12
Q

cyanobacteria

A

photosynthesis adds oxygen to asmosphere

first organism to add oxygen to atmosphere

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13
Q

Eukaryotes

A

have a cytoskeleton

allows them to change shpae and engulf other cells (get food and digestion)

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14
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

sharing of genes from one cell to another

  1. most recent common ancestor of all living things
  2. between mitochondrial ancestor and ancestor of eukaryotes
  3. chlooplast ancestor and ancestor of green algae

happened a few times with different plastids

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15
Q

advantages of multicellularity

A

escape from predation, specialization of cells for increased efficiency

single-celled organisms stick together to form colonies

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16
Q

choanoflagellate colony

A

share common ancestor with animals, but didn’t become animals

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17
Q

unicellular choanoflagellates have the genes for:

A

collagen, structural proteins in animals

cell adhesion proteins hold cells together

cell communication proteins

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18
Q

Burgess Shale Fossils: Ediacaran Fauna (aquatic)

A

all common animals started here

(animals in the pre-cambrian period)

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19
Q

Paleozoic Era

Cambrian Period

A

Evolutionary innovations

gut with 2 openings (allows specialization, can take in more food)

complex nervious system (cephalization - development of head)

shells and exoskeletons (start to see armor)

fish (500mya), amphibians (450mya), reptiles (250mya)

ended with major extinction (90% of all species disappear

Pangea forms

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20
Q

Mesozoic period

A

“Age of Reptiles”

cone-bearing and flower-bearing plants co-evolved with insects

dinosaurs

homeothermy

vertebrate flight (convergent evolution)

ends with major extinction (50% of all species disappear)

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21
Q

Extinction of Mesozoic

A

meteorite 10 km across under water

iridium common in meteorites, but not on earth

extinction because a layer cloud of debris blocked sunlight and disrupted climate for several months

volcanic acitivity of Deccan Traps in India

spew lava and ash

CO2 warms the global climate

temp dif between poles and equator slow mixing of ocean water

drop in O2 levels in oceans

select for anaerobic bacteria that prodcue H2S

H2S is toxic and destroys ozone shield

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22
Q

Cenazoic

A

65mya-today

“Age of Mammals”

adaptive radiation

macroevolutionary changes

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23
Q

Adaptive radiation occurs when:

A

many vacant niches

major evolutionary innovation

colonized regions with little competition

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24
Q

Macroevolution

A

a pattern of evolution above the species level

big changes

ex: emergence of terrestrial vertebrates through a series of speciation events, impact of mass extinctions of the diversity of life, and the origin of key adaptatios (like flight in birds)

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25
Q

Mechanisms of Macroevolutionary change

A

mutations that change the sequence and regulation of developmental genes

Hox genes

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26
Q

Heterochrony

A

change the relative growth rate or time of different body parts during development

can cause paedomorphosis

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27
Q

paedomorphosis

A

the sexually mature stage retains juvenile structures of an ancestral species

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28
Q

Evolution is not goal oriented

A

random mutations cause genetic diversity

complex structures have evoved in increments from simpler versions that were of use to the organism (sometimes for the same function and sometimes for different functions)

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29
Q

exaptation

A

first used for a different purpose

ex. feathers

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30
Q

Formation of eye

A

gradual changes can result in complex structureEach stage must provide advantage to organism

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31
Q

The Hox Genes

A

duplicate the gene

use gene that controls spatial organization of body parts

Homeotic (Hox) genes control identity of appendages by regulating other genes

Idea: major changes in body form can be made by mutations in the regulation of developmental genes not their sequences

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32
Q

each branch point

A

represents the divergence of 2 species

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33
Q

sister taxa

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

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34
Q

outgroup

A

outlier of a common ancestor. relative.

used to describe evolutionary relationships

characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ancestral characters that predate the divergence of both groups froma common ancestor

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35
Q

stromatolites

A

3.5bya, still around

layered rocks that from when certain prokaryotes bind think layers of sediment together

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36
Q

Miller-Urey type experiments

A

demonstrate abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under various assumptions about the composition of the early earth

37
Q

Nature of first genetic material and why

A

catalytic reactions of ribozymes formed RNA

RNA molecules with certain base sequences are more stable and replicate with fewer errors than other sequences

38
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

formed from sand and mud that settled at the bottom of aquatic habitiats and are the richest source of fossils

39
Q

How does radiometric dating work?

A

Isotypes of radioactive elecments slowly decay into other isotopes. The rate is measured in half-lives, which is the amount of time it takes for half of the parent isotope to decay. The amount of these elements remaining in a fossil can be used to determine how old the fossil is.

40
Q

When did oxygen begin to accumulate in the atomosphere, what molecule produced it, what process?

A

2.7-2.3 bya gradually increased, water, photosynthesis

41
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

535-525 mya

When many present-day animal phyla suddenly appeared in fossil form

42
Q

What adaptations allowed plants to colonize

A

adaptations that made it possible to reproduce on land and prevent dehydration

for plants, they have a vascular system for transporting materials internally and a waterproof coating of wax on their leaves to slow loss of water

43
Q

What was the first group of animals to colonize land?

A

anthropods

44
Q

What causes continental drift, when was the last supercontinent?

A

The continents are throught to float on the mantle, so when the mantle moves, it causes continental drift.

about 250mya Pangea

45
Q

an evololutionary tree

A

Phylogeny

46
Q
  1. fossil record
  2. comparison of living species
  3. homologous traits
  4. analogous traits
  5. molecular comparisons
  6. geological time
A

How is evolutionary history reconstructed?

47
Q

similar because they wer inherited from a common ancestor

A

homologous traits

48
Q

similar, but evolved independently

A

analogous traits

49
Q

a grouping that includes a common ancestor and its descendents on a phylogeny tree

forms a nested hierarchy

A

clade

50
Q

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

A

Eras

51
Q

life arose sometime in this area - 3.5 bya oldest fossils

A

Precambrian Era

52
Q

prokaryote

A

What is the earliest fossil?

53
Q

protocells

have not been produced in a lab

they are droplets with membranes that have a different internal chemistry than their environment

clay greatly increases the rate of vesicle self-assembly

A

What were the first cells?

54
Q

explains mitochondria and chloroplasts

eukarote engulfing photosynthetic prokaryote.

A

endosymbiotic theory

55
Q
  • inner membranes are similar to plasma membranes of prokaryotes
  • division is binary fission
  • thiese organelles have their own DNA (circular) and transcribe and translate it
  • their ribosomes are more similar to prokaryotic than eukaryotic ribosomes
A

Key evidence for endosymbiotic theory

56
Q

photosynthesis adds oxygen to asmosphere

first organism to add oxygen to atmosphere

A

cyanobacteria

57
Q

have a cytoskeleton

allows them to change shpae and engulf other cells (get food and digestion)

A

Eukaryotes

58
Q

sharing of genes from one cell to another

  1. most recent common ancestor of all living things
  2. between mitochondrial ancestor and ancestor of eukaryotes
  3. chlooplast ancestor and ancestor of green algae

happened a few times with different plastids

A

Horizontal gene transfer

59
Q

escape from predation, specialization of cells for increased efficiency

single-celled organisms stick together to form colonies

A

advantages of multicellularity

60
Q

share common ancestor with animals, but didn’t become animals

A

choanoflagellate colony

61
Q

collagen, structural proteins in animals

cell adhesion proteins hold cells together

cell communication proteins

A

unicellular choanoflagellates have the genes for:

62
Q

all common animals started here

(animals in the pre-cambrian period)

A

Burgess Shale Fossils: Ediacaran Fauna (aquatic)

63
Q

Evolutionary innovations

gut with 2 openings (allows specialization, can take in more food)

complex nervious system (cephalization - development of head)

shells and exoskeletons (start to see armor)

fish (500mya), amphibians (450mya), reptiles (250mya)

ended with major extinction (90% of all species disappear

Pangea forms

A

Paleozoic Era

Cambrian Period

64
Q

“Age of Reptiles”

cone-bearing and flower-bearing plants co-evolved with insects

dinosaurs

homeothermy

vertebrate flight (convergent evolution)

ends with major extinction (50% of all species disappear)

A

Mesozoic period

65
Q

meteorite 10 km across under water

iridium common in meteorites, but not on earth

extinction because a layer cloud of debris blocked sunlight and disrupted climate for several months

volcanic acitivity of Deccan Traps in India

spew lava and ash

CO2 warms the global climate

temp dif between poles and equator slow mixing of ocean water

drop in O2 levels in oceans

select for anaerobic bacteria that prodcue H2S

H2S is toxic and destroys ozone shield

A

Extinction of Mesozoic

66
Q

65mya-today

“Age of Mammals”

adaptive radiation

macroevolutionary changes

A

Cenazoic

67
Q

many vacant niches

major evolutionary innovation

colonized regions with little competition

A

Adaptive radiation occurs when:

68
Q

a pattern of evolution above the species level

big changes

ex: emergence of terrestrial vertebrates through a series of speciation events, impact of mass extinctions of the diversity of life, and the origin of key adaptatios (like flight in birds)

A

Macroevolution

69
Q

mutations that change the sequence and regulation of developmental genes

Hox genes

A

Mechanisms of Macroevolutionary change

70
Q

change the relative growth rate or time of different body parts during development

can cause paedomorphosis

A

Heterochrony

71
Q

the sexually mature stage retains juvenile structures of an ancestral species

A

paedomorphosis

72
Q

random mutations cause genetic diversity

complex structures have evoved in increments from simpler versions that were of use to the organism (sometimes for the same function and sometimes for different functions)

A

Evolution is not goal oriented

73
Q

first used for a different purpose

ex. feathers

A

exaptation

74
Q

gradual changes can result in complex structureEach stage must provide advantage to organism

A

Formation of eye

75
Q

duplicate the gene

use gene that controls spatial organization of body parts

Homeotic (Hox) genes control identity of appendages by regulating other genes

Idea: major changes in body form can be made by mutations in the regulation of developmental genes not their sequences

A

The Hox Genes

76
Q

represents the divergence of 2 species

A

each branch point

77
Q

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

A

sister taxa

78
Q

outlier of a common ancestor. relative.

used to describe evolutionary relationships

characters shared by the outgroup and ingroup are ancestral characters that predate the divergence of both groups froma common ancestor

A

outgroup

79
Q

3.5bya, still around

layered rocks that from when certain prokaryotes bind think layers of sediment together

A

stromatolites

80
Q

demonstrate abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under various assumptions about the composition of the early earth

A

Miller-Urey type experiments

81
Q

catalytic reactions of ribozymes formed RNA

RNA molecules with certain base sequences are more stable and replicate with fewer errors than other sequences

A

Nature of first genetic material and why

82
Q

formed from sand and mud that settled at the bottom of aquatic habitiats and are the richest source of fossils

A

Sedimentary rocks

83
Q

Isotypes of radioactive elecments slowly decay into other isotopes. The rate is measured in half-lives, which is the amount of time it takes for half of the parent isotope to decay. The amount of these elements remaining in a fossil can be used to determine how old the fossil is.

A

How does radiometric dating work?

84
Q

2.7-2.3 bya gradually increased, water, photosynthesis

A

When did oxygen begin to accumulate in the atomosphere, what molecule produced it, what process?

85
Q

535-525 mya

When many present-day animal phyla suddenly appeared in fossil form

A

Cambrian Explosion

86
Q

adaptations that made it possible to reproduce on land and prevent dehydration

for plants, they have a vascular system for transporting materials internally and a waterproof coating of wax on their leaves to slow loss of water

A

What adaptations allowed plants to colonize

87
Q

anthropods

A

What was the first group of animals to colonize land?

88
Q

The continents are throught to float on the mantle, so when the mantle moves, it causes continental drift.

about 250mya Pangea

A

What causes continental drift, when was the last supercontinent?

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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