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Biology 112 > Animal Development - Chapter 47 > Flashcards

Animal Development - Chapter 47 Flashcards

1
Q

Classical embryology

A

description of development in model organisms

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2
Q

induction

A

one type of tissue influences the development of another tissue

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3
Q

Development Stages

A

Fertilization

Early Cleavages

Blastula (hollow ball of cells)

Gastrulation (forms the gastrula)

Organogenesis (formation of organs)

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4
Q

Ectoderm

A

epidermis, nervous system

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5
Q

Mesoderm

A

skeleton muscles

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6
Q

Endoderm

A

digestive, reporductive

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7
Q

Underlying mechanisms of organogenesis

A

Organosgenesis are localized changes

cell migration

cell signaling between different tissues

cell shape changes genrating new organs

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8
Q

Cell movement

A

reorganize cytoskeleton

microtubules and microfilaments (actin)

(cells crawl using the cytoskeleton fibers to extend (extension) and retract (convergence) extensions

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9
Q

Amniotes

A

reptiles

birds

mammals

all have a way of developing in “watery” environments

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10
Q

4 extraembryonic membranes of amniotes

A

evolved as adaptation to terrestrial envroniment

Amnion

Chorion

Allantosis

Yolk Sac

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11
Q

Amnion

A

protects embryo in a sac

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12
Q

Chorion

A

lines the inner surface of the shell (which is permeable to gases) and participates in exchange of O2 and Co between embryo and outside air

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13
Q

Allantosis

A

stores metabolic wastes (mostly uric acid) of the embryo and as it grows larger, also participates in gas exchange

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14
Q

Yolk Sac

A

contains yolk - the sole source of food until hatching

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15
Q

Placental mammal development

A

cleavage in oviduct produces blastocyst

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16
Q

Placenta

A

produces progesterone beginning in the 2nd trimester (as hCG declines and corpus luteum atrophies)

(no direct connection between maternal and fetal blood vessels)

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17
Q

Human fetal development

A

zygote -> embryo (>2cells) -> fetus (8 weeks)

positive feedback in labor

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18
Q

3 stages of labor

A
  1. dilation of cervix
  2. expulsion - delivery
  3. delivery of placenta
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19
Q

Teratogenesis

A

environment causes a developmental abnormality

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20
Q

description of development in model organisms

A

Classical embryology

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21
Q

one type of tissue influences the development of another tissue

A

induction

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22
Q

Fertilization

Early Cleavages

Blastula (hollow ball of cells)

Gastrulation (forms the gastrula)

Organogenesis (formation of organs)

A

Development Stages

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23
Q

epidermis, nervous system

A

Ectoderm

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24
Q

skeleton muscles

A

Mesoderm

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25
Q

digestive, reporductive

A

Endoderm

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26
Q

Organosgenesis are localized changes

cell migration

cell signaling between different tissues

cell shape changes genrating new organs

A

Underlying mechanisms of organogenesis

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27
Q

reorganize cytoskeleton

microtubules and microfilaments (actin)

(cells crawl using the cytoskeleton fibers to extend (extension) and retract (convergence) extensions

A

Cell movement

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28
Q

reptiles

birds

mammals

all have a way of developing in “watery” environments

A

Amniotes

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29
Q

evolved as adaptation to terrestrial envroniment

Amnion

Chorion

Allantosis

Yolk Sac

A

4 extraembryonic membranes of amniotes

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30
Q

protects embryo in a sac

A

Amnion

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31
Q

lines the inner surface of the shell (which is permeable to gases) and participates in exchange of O2 and Co between embryo and outside air

A

Chorion

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32
Q

stores metabolic wastes (mostly uric acid) of the embryo and as it grows larger, also participates in gas exchange

A

Allantosis

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33
Q

contains yolk - the sole source of food until hatching

A

Yolk Sac

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34
Q

cleavage in oviduct produces blastocyst

A

Placental mammal development

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35
Q

produces progesterone beginning in the 2nd trimester (as hCG declines and corpus luteum atrophies)

(no direct connection between maternal and fetal blood vessels)

A

Placenta

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
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36
Q

zygote -> embryo (>2cells) -> fetus (8 weeks)

positive feedback in labor

A

Human fetal development

37
Q
  1. dilation of cervix
  2. expulsion - delivery
  3. delivery of placenta
A

3 stages of labor

38
Q

environment causes a developmental abnormality

A

Teratogenesis

39
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

the acrosome releases hydrolytic enzymes that make a hole in the jelly coat of the egg. The acrosomal process forms.

This trigger changes the membrane potential of the egg because sodium ions diffuse into the egg and cause depolarization.

40
Q

When does the cortical reaction in sea urchins occur?

A

within seconds of the sperm entering the egg.

41
Q

Ion released from the ER and how it affects the cortical granules

Cortical Granules

A

calcium

it causes the cortical granules to fuse with the plasma membrane

this triggers the formation of a fertilzation membrane by lfting the vitelline layer away from the egg and hardents it into a fertilzation membrane

slow block to polyspermy

42
Q

evidence that mRNA needed to produce enzymes involved in very early development are already in the egg before fertilization

A

even when the nucleus has been removed, artificial activaiton is still possible

43
Q

Where in the egg’s meiotic cycle does fertilzation occur in humans? in sea urchins?

A

metaphase II (12-36 hours after sperm binding)

completed meiosis (90 minutes after sperm binding)

44
Q

Cleavage

A

rapid cell divisions

no substantial growth

45
Q

Vegetal pole

A

yolk most concentrated at this end

46
Q

Meroblastic cleavage (bird)

holoblastic cleavage (frog and sea urchin)

A

so much yolk that the cleavage furrow does not entirely pass through

cleavage furrow passes entirely through the egg

47
Q

Unique cleavage in insects like Drosophila

A

sperm and egg fuse within a yolk mass and multiple rounds of mitosis occurs without cytokinesis

48
Q

Blastula

blastocoel

A

hollow ball of cells

fluid-filled cavity surrounded by the blastula

49
Q

gastrula

gastrulation

A

germ layered embryo forms

reorganizing the blastula into the gastrula

50
Q

archenteron

blastopore

A

tube formed from shallow depresson

open end of archenteron

51
Q

yolk plug

A

formed from leftovers in creating the dorsal lip of the blastopore - vegetal pole

52
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of organs

53
Q

how germ layers form

A

epiblast cells migrate towards the midline of the blastoderm, detach, and move inward

54
Q

notochord

A

rod that extends along the dorsal side of the chordate embryo

55
Q

neural tube

A

runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo, formed form the neural plate

56
Q

somites

A

blocks formed froms cells migrating together.

along the length of the notochord

57
Q

embryonic evidence for a segmented body plan in the chordates

A

cells arise by division

58
Q

specializaiton of cells duirng development

A

differentiation

59
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

symmetry dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior axes, and right-left

60
Q

how is this basic body plan established early in development in non-mammalian species?

A

during oogenesis (animal-vegetal poles determine symmetry) animal pole is the point of sperm entry, cortical reaction at fertilization determines dorsal-ventral axis

61
Q

basic body plan established early in mammals?

A

no polarity, might have to do with orientation

62
Q

Developmental potential

A

range of structures that cells can give rise to

63
Q

Totipotent

A

cell can develop into any structure of that animal

64
Q

the acrosome releases hydrolytic enzymes that make a hole in the jelly coat of the egg. The acrosomal process forms.

This trigger changes the membrane potential of the egg because sodium ions diffuse into the egg and cause depolarization.

A

Acrosomal reaction

65
Q

within seconds of the sperm entering the egg.

A

When does the cortical reaction in sea urchins occur?

66
Q

calcium

it causes the cortical granules to fuse with the plasma membrane

this triggers the formation of a fertilzation membrane by lfting the vitelline layer away from the egg and hardents it into a fertilzation membrane

slow block to polyspermy

A

Ion released from the ER and how it affects the cortical granules

Cortical Granules

67
Q

even when the nucleus has been removed, artificial activaiton is still possible

A

evidence that mRNA needed to produce enzymes involved in very early development are already in the egg before fertilization

68
Q

metaphase II (12-36 hours after sperm binding)

completed meiosis (90 minutes after sperm binding)

A

Where in the egg’s meiotic cycle does fertilzation occur in humans? in sea urchins?

69
Q

rapid cell divisions

no substantial growth

A

Cleavage

70
Q

yolk most concentrated at this end

A

Vegetal pole

71
Q

so much yolk that the cleavage furrow does not entirely pass through

cleavage furrow passes entirely through the egg

A

Meroblastic cleavage (bird)

holoblastic cleavage (frog and sea urchin)

72
Q

sperm and egg fuse within a yolk mass and multiple rounds of mitosis occurs without cytokinesis

A

Unique cleavage in insects like Drosophila

73
Q

hollow ball of cells

fluid-filled cavity surrounded by the blastula

A

Blastula

blastocoel

74
Q

germ layered embryo forms

reorganizing the blastula into the gastrula

A

gastrula

gastrulation

75
Q

tube formed from shallow depresson

open end of archenteron

A

archenteron

blastopore

76
Q

formed from leftovers in creating the dorsal lip of the blastopore - vegetal pole

A

yolk plug

77
Q

formation of organs

A

organogenesis

78
Q

epiblast cells migrate towards the midline of the blastoderm, detach, and move inward

A

how germ layers form

79
Q

rod that extends along the dorsal side of the chordate embryo

A

notochord

80
Q

runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo, formed form the neural plate

A

neural tube

81
Q

blocks formed froms cells migrating together.

along the length of the notochord

A

somites

82
Q

cells arise by division

A

embryonic evidence for a segmented body plan in the chordates

83
Q

differentiation

A

specializaiton of cells duirng development

84
Q

symmetry dorsal-ventral, anterior-posterior axes, and right-left

A

Bilateral symmetry

85
Q

during oogenesis (animal-vegetal poles determine symmetry) animal pole is the point of sperm entry, cortical reaction at fertilization determines dorsal-ventral axis

A

how is this basic body plan established early in development in non-mammalian species?

86
Q

no polarity, might have to do with orientation

A

basic body plan established early in mammals?

87
Q

range of structures that cells can give rise to

A

Developmental potential

88
Q

cell can develop into any structure of that animal

A

Totipotent

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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