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Biology 112 > Chapter 52 - Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 52 - Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

oikos - home

logos - study

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

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2
Q

Global Ecology

A

the biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems

examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

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3
Q

Landscape ecology

A

a landscape or seascape is a mosaic of connected ecosystems

landscape ecology focuses on the factors controlling exhanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

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4
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

an ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the enviroment

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5
Q

Community Ecology

A

a community is a group of populations of different species in an area

community ecology examines how interactions between species, such as predation and competition, affect community strucutre and organization

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6
Q

Population Ecology

A

a population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time

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7
Q

Organismal Ecology

A

studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges

includes physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology

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8
Q

Influences on Ecology:

Climate

A

long-term, prevailing weather conditions in an area

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9
Q

4 major abiotic components of climate

A

temperature, prescipitation, sunlight, wind

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10
Q

Macroclimate

A

consits of patterns on the globabl, regional, and landscape level

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11
Q

Microclimate

A

consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

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12
Q

Large impact on global climate patterns

A

solar energy and planet’s movement in space

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13
Q

Warming effect of the sun

A

causes temperature variations, which drive evaporation and the circulation of air and water

this causes latitudinal variations in climate

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14
Q

These patterns play major roles in determining climate patterns

A

global air circulation and precipitation

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15
Q

rising air masses

A

release moisture (cause high precipitation)

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16
Q

descending air masses

A

absorb moisture (create arid climates, especially near 30 degrees N and S)

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17
Q

Creates predictable global wind pattern

A

Air flowing close to the Earth’s surface

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18
Q

Wind Patterns

A

Cooling trade winds blow from E to W in the tropics

prevailing westerlies blow from W to E in temperate zones

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19
Q

Causes seasonality at high latitudes

A

tlit of the Earth’s axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun

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20
Q

moderate climates of nearby terrestrial environments

A

oceans, their currents, and large lakes

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21
Q

Current of Gulf Stream

A

the Gulf Stream carries warm water from the equator to the North Atlantic

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22
Q

Water Currents

A

North of the equator - water currents clockwise

South of the equator - water currents counterclockwise

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23
Q

Ocean Cooling/Warming the Land

A

During the day, air rises over the warm land and draws a cool breeze from the water across the land

As the land cools at night, air rises over the warmer water and draws cooler air from the land back over the water, which is replaced by warm air from offshore

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24
Q

Air over a mountain

A

Rising air reduces moisture on the windward side of a peak and creates a “rain shadow” as it absorbs moisture on the leeward side

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25
Q

the distribution of organisms and their abundance

A

Ecology

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26
Q

the biosphere is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems

examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

A

Global Ecology

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27
Q

a landscape or seascape is a mosaic of connected ecosystems

landscape ecology focuses on the factors controlling exhanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

A

Landscape ecology

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28
Q

an ecosystem is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the enviroment

A

Ecosystem Ecology

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29
Q

a community is a group of populations of different species in an area

community ecology examines how interactions between species, such as predation and competition, affect community strucutre and organization

A

Community Ecology

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30
Q

a population is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

analyzes factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time

A

Population Ecology

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31
Q

studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and (for animals) behavior meet environmental challenges

includes physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology

A

Organismal Ecology

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32
Q

long-term, prevailing weather conditions in an area

A

Influences on Ecology:

Climate

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33
Q

temperature, prescipitation, sunlight, wind

A

4 major abiotic components

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34
Q

consits of patterns on the globabl, regional, and landscape level

A

Macroclimate

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35
Q

consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms underneath a fallen log

A

Microclimate

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36
Q

solar energy and planet’s movement in space

A

Large impact on global climate patterns

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37
Q

causes temperature variations, which drive evaporation and the circulation of air and water

this causes latitudinal variations in climate

A

Warming effect of the sun

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38
Q

global air circulation and precipitation

A

These patterns play major roles in determining climate patterns

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39
Q

release moisture (cause high precipitation)

A

rising air masses

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40
Q

absorb moisture (create arid climates, especially near 30 degrees N and S)

A

descending air masses

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41
Q

Air flowing close to the Earth’s surface

A

Creates predictable global wind pattern

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42
Q

Cooling trade winds blow from E to W in the tropics

prevailing westerlies blow from W to E in temperate zones

A

Wind Patterns

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43
Q

tlit of the Earth’s axis of rotation and its annual passage around the sun

A

Causes seasonality at high latitudes

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44
Q

oceans, their currents, and large lakes

A

moderate climates of nearby terrestrial environments

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45
Q

the Gulf Stream carries warm water from the equator to the North Atlantic

A

Current of Gulf Stream

46
Q

North of the equator - water currents clockwise

South of the equator - water currents counterclockwise

A

Water Currents

47
Q

During the day, air rises over the warm land and draws a cool breeze from the water across the land

As the land cools at night, air rises over the warmer water and draws cooler air from the land back over the water, which is replaced by warm air from offshore

A

Ocean Cooling/Warming the Land

48
Q

Rising air reduces moisture on the windward side of a peak and creates a “rain shadow” as it absorbs moisture on the leeward side

A

Air over a mountain

49
Q

Why might species have smaller ranges or become extinct as the climate changes?

A

human barriers (cities)

other abiotic factors not supportive for that species (too rainy/snowy/windy)

50
Q

What is very important in determining why terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas?

A

climate

51
Q

Biomes

A

major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes)

are dynamic and usually exhibit extensive patchiness

52
Q

climograph

A

temperature vs. precipitation (annual averages)

53
Q

Terrestrial Biomes

A

often named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation

54
Q

Tropical Rain Forest

A

equatorial

warm year round

wet

competition for sunlight

55
Q

Temperate Broadleaf Forest

A

significant precipitation year round

all 4 seasons

56
Q

Grasslands

A

precipiation is highly seasonal

winters cold and dry

summers hot and wet

57
Q

Deserts

A

occur in bands near 30 degrees north and south of the equator

precipitation is low and highly variable

58
Q

Northern Coniferous Forest

A

largest terrestrial biome on earth

precipitation varies

winters are cold

59
Q

Tundra

A

precipitation low

winters are cold

60
Q

Aquatic Biomes

A

most organisms occur in the relatively shallow photic zone

the aphotic zone in oceans is extensive, but harbors ittle life

determinants: light and substrates

zones defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth

61
Q

detritus

A

dead, organic matter

falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food

62
Q

most lakes

A

in summer - the warmer upper layer from the cold deeper water

many lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters called turnover

turnover mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom

63
Q

communities in aquatic biomes

A

vary with depth, light penetration, distance from shore, and position in the pelagic or benthic zone

64
Q

oligotrophic lakes

A

nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich

(lakes around here, clean, smell fine)

65
Q

Eutrophic lakes

A

nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter

(smell bad, southern)

66
Q

littoral zone

A

rooted and floating aquatic plants

well-lit

shallow

close to shore

67
Q

limnetic zone

A

water too deep to support rooted aquatic plants

small drifiting animals called zooplankton graze on the phytoplankton

68
Q

human barriers (cities)

other abiotic factors not supportive for that species (too rainy/snowy/windy)

A

Why might species have smaller ranges or become extinct as the climate changes?

69
Q

climate

A

What is very important in determining why terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas?

70
Q

major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment (aquatic biomes)

are dynamic and usually exhibit extensive patchiness

A

Biomes

71
Q

temperature vs. precipitation (annual averages)

A

climograph

72
Q

often named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation

A

Terrestrial Biomes

73
Q

equatorial

warm year round

wet

competition for sunlight

A

Tropical Rain Forest

74
Q

significant precipitation year round

all 4 seasons

A

Temperate Broadleaf Forest

75
Q

precipiation is highly seasonal

winters cold and dry

summers hot and wet

A

Grasslands

76
Q

occur in bands near 30 degrees north and south of the equator

precipitation is low and highly variable

A

Deserts

77
Q

largest terrestrial biome on earth

precipitation varies

winters are cold

A

Northern Coniferous Forest

78
Q

precipitation low

winters are cold

A

Tundra

79
Q

most organisms occur in the relatively shallow photic zone

the aphotic zone in oceans is extensive, but harbors ittle life

determinants: light and substrates

zones defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth

A

Aquatic Biomes

80
Q

dead, organic matter

falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food

A

detritus

81
Q

in summer - the warmer upper layer from the cold deeper water

many lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters called turnover

turnover mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom

A

most lakes

82
Q

vary with depth, light penetration, distance from shore, and position in the pelagic or benthic zone

A

communities in aquatic biomes

83
Q

nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich

(lakes around here, clean, smell fine)

A

oligotrophic lakes

84
Q

nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter

(smell bad, southern)

A

Eutrophic lakes

85
Q

rooted and floating aquatic plants

well-lit

shallow

close to shore

A

littoral zone

86
Q

water too deep to support rooted aquatic plants

small drifiting animals called zooplankton graze on the phytoplankton

A

limnetic zone

87
Q

Wetlands

A

high organic production

among most productive biomes on earth

diverse life

humans have destoryed up to 90% of wetlands

wetlands purify water and reduce flooding

88
Q

stream

A

headwaters are generally cold, clear, swift, and oxygen-rich

often narrow and rocky

89
Q

rivers

A

downstream rivers are warmer, wide, meandering, and silty

90
Q

estruary

A

transition area between river and sea

salinity varies with rise and fall of tide

nutrient-rich and highly producitve

network of tidal channels, mudflats

saltmarsh grasses and algae are major producers

91
Q

intertidal zone

A

periodically submerged and exposed by the tides (2x a day)

organisms have variations in temperature, salinity, wave action

oxygen and nutrient levels high

can be rocky: see structural adaptations for attaching

or sandy: sea grass, worms, clams

92
Q

ocean

A

covers about 70% of Earth’s surface

in temperate oceans, turnover renews nutrients in the photic zones

tropical oceans have year-round stratification - leads to lower nutrient concentrations

phytoplankton and zooplankton - dominant organisms

93
Q

coral reef

A

formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals (cnidarians)

photic zone - warm, clear water

very deep benthic zone organisms are adapted to continuous cold, extremely high water pressure, and darkness

substrate is mainly soft sediments

94
Q

deep-sea hydrothermal vents

A

of folcanic origin on mid-oceanic ridges

have unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, tube worms, and crabs

95
Q

distribution of species

A

result of ecological and evolutionary interactions through time

96
Q

ecological time

A

is the minute-to-minute time frame of interactions between organisms and the environment

97
Q

evolutionary time

A

spans many generations and captures adaptation through natural selection

98
Q

climate limits indirerectly through biotic factors:

A

pathogens, prasites, predators, competitors, food availability

99
Q

Successful transplant

A

indicates that its potential ranges is greater than its actual range

100
Q

high organic production

among most productive biomes on earth

diverse life

humans have destoryed up to 90% of wetlands

wetlands purify water and reduce flooding

A

Wetlands

101
Q

headwaters are generally cold, clear, swift, and oxygen-rich

often narrow and rocky

A

stream

102
Q

downstream rivers are warmer, wide, meandering, and silty

A

rivers

103
Q

transition area between river and sea

salinity varies with rise and fall of tide

nutrient-rich and highly producitve

network of tidal channels, mudflats

saltmarsh grasses and algae are major producers

A

estruary

104
Q

periodically submerged and exposed by the tides (2x a day)

organisms have variations in temperature, salinity, wave action

oxygen and nutrient levels high

can be rocky: see structural adaptations for attaching

or sandy: sea grass, worms, clams

A

intertidal zone

105
Q

covers about 70% of Earth’s surface

in temperate oceans, turnover renews nutrients in the photic zones

tropical oceans have year-round stratification - leads to lower nutrient concentrations

phytoplankton and zooplankton - dominant organisms

A

ocean

106
Q

formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals (cnidarians)

photic zone - warm, clear water

very deep benthic zone organisms are adapted to continuous cold, extremely high water pressure, and darkness

substrate is mainly soft sediments

A

coral reef

107
Q

of folcanic origin on mid-oceanic ridges

have unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, tube worms, and crabs

A

deep-sea hydrothermal vents

108
Q

result of ecological and evolutionary interactions through time

A

distribution of species

109
Q

is the minute-to-minute time frame of interactions between organisms and the environment

A

ecological time

110
Q

spans many generations and captures adaptation through natural selection

A

evolutionary time

111
Q

pathogens, prasites, predators, competitors, food availability

A

climate limits indirerectly through biotic factors:

112
Q

indicates that its potential ranges is greater than its actual range

A

Successful transplant

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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