Chapter 5

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent change in knowledge or observable behavior that results from practice or experience.

Question 2

Two types of work behaviors

Answer 2

Desirable – contribute to achievement of organizational goals.

Undesirable – hinder the achievement of organizational goals.

Question 3

Social learning

Answer 3

Knowledge acquisition through the mental processing of information by observing and imitating others. Example – watching mom feed the baby and do the same action to the doll.

Question 4

Symbolizing

Answer 4

Imitation, the process of creating a mental image to guide an individual’s behavior.

Question 5

Forethought

Answer 5

Individual planning of an action based on the level of performance desired.

Question 6

Vicarious learning

Answer 6

Individual observing the behavior of others and the consequences of it.

Question 7

Self control

Answer 7

Individual selecting of his or her own goals and ways of reaching them to learn new behaviors

Question 8

Self efficacy

Answer 8

Individuals estimate of his or her own ability to perform a specific task in a particular situation.

Question 9

Operant conditioning vs Classical conditioning

Answer 9

Oc- A process by which individuals learn voluntary behavior. Learning occurs from the consequences of behavior.

Cc- Process by which individuals learn to link the information from a neutral stimulus that causes a response

Question 10

Classical conditioning

Answer 10

Process by which individuals learn to link the information from a neutral stimulus that causes a response

Question 11

Positive reinforcement

Answer 11

Presents a pleasant consequences after the occurrence of a desired behavior.

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

Removal of all reinforcing events; behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is likely to occur in the future. Example – employees with consistently bad on-time performance will not be eligible for the discount.

Question 13

Punishment

Answer 13

Refers to an unpleasant event occurred following a behavior and decreasing the behaviors frequency. Example- Employees are written up for being late.

Question 14

Negative reinforcement

Answer 14

Occurs when an unpleasant event that precedes the employee behavior is removed when the desired behavior occurs. Example –Supervisors will stop writing up employees if there on time attendance improves.

Question 15

Continuous

Answer 15

Behavior reinforced after each occurrence. Example – dropping coins in a soft drink machine.

Question 16

Fixed interval vs variable interval

Answer 16

Behavior reinforced after a certain amount of time. Example – weekly paycheck, performance type: average

Behavior reinforce the random times. Example – occasional praise by team members