3.5.1 Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism

Question 1

Excess ketones in T1DM is a result of what 4 conditions?

Answer 1

High glucagon

TG broken down to glycerol and FA

FA to ketones

Renal solute load (+glucose)

Question 2

What are some of the chronic complications of hyperglycemia?

Answer 2

Question 3

Membrane potential is related to what of the cell?

Answer 3

electrical activity

Question 4

Glucagon favors what type of bodily state?

Answer 4

Catabolic state

Question 5

What are the preferred treatment methods for T1DM? T2DM?

Answer 5

T1DM: insulin

T2DM: diet and excercise, weight loss

Question 6

What are the consequences of insulin deficiency?

(Good luck lol)

Answer 6

Question 7

What does insulin with glucose promote and inhibit?

Answer 7

Promote gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis

Inhibits liver glucose release

Question 8

What is the pathway within the Beta cell that ultimately results in the secretion of insulin?

Answer 8

Depolarization leading to Ca++ uptake

Question 9

What tissues does insulin not target?

Answer 9

Brain, kidney and blood cells

Question 10

What are some of the upregulators/downregualtors of glucagon secretion from alpha islet cells?

Answer 10

Question 11

A 14 AA polypeptide stimulated by glucose and AA leading to slow gastric emptying?

Answer 11

Somatostatin

Question 12

What are some of the factors (beyond glucose) that increase/decrease insulin secretion from beta cells?

Answer 12

Question 13

What two conditions mobilize GLUT4 to the plasma membrane?

Answer 13

Insulin and exercise

Question 14

What are the six steps through which glucose leads to the secretion of insulin from beta cells?

Answer 14

Question 15

Administration of the protein with insulin provides better control of plasma glucose levels

Answer 15

Amylin

Question 16

How does insulin affect AAs and Fatty acids?

Answer 16

AAs: active transport, protein synthesis, decrease protein breakdown

Fatty acids: uptake by adipose, inhibits HSL

Question 17

Glucagon does what to blood glucose levels?

Answer 17

Increases blood glucose

Question 18

What are the blood glucose levels for IGT and IFG?

Answer 18

IGT: 140-199 mg/dL

IGF: 100-125 mg/dL

Question 19

Gestational diabetes increases the risk for what condition?

Answer 19

T2DM within next 10-20 years

Question 20

Insulin does what to blood glucose levels?

Answer 20

Lowers blood glucose levels

Stimulates glucose uptake, glycogenesis, and protein synthesis

Question 21

How does plasma levels of glucagon change as plasma glucose increases?

Answer 21

Question 22

What are the various glucose transporters and their characteristics?

Answer 22

Question 23

What three conditions occur in T1DM leading to hyperglycemia?

Answer 23

1. lack of insulin restricts glucose movement into cells
2. increased glucagon secretion
3. protein catabolism

Question 24

Alterations in glucose levels varies the activity of what channel?

Answer 24

Potassium channel activity

Question 25

What is secreted by: delta, F, and epsilon of the pancreatic islet?

Answer 25

Delta: Somatostatin

F: Pancreatic polypeptide

Epsilon: ghrelin

Question 26

What two effects does glucagon have on the liver?

Answer 26

Promotes glucose release from liver

Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver (PEPCK)

Question 27

Which cells within the islet secrete glucagon?

Answer 27

Alpha cells

Question 28

A glucose of what after an O/N fast is diagnostic of diabetes?

Answer 28

126 mg/dl

Question 29

How does arginine effect insulin secretion?

Answer 29

Question 30

What is typically present in T2DM?

Answer 30

Insulin resistance

Question 31

Is glucose entry rate limiting regarding its effects on the beta cell (what does it use to enter)? What does glucose induce within the beta cell?

Answer 31

No, Glut2

Induce: electrical activity

Question 32

What tissue does glucagon target and what is the effect?

Answer 32

Liver primary

Not muscle

Question 33

What is the main target of glucagon? What type of effect does it have?

Answer 33

Liver; catabolic effects

Question 34

Protein that slows gastric emptying and suppresses the postprandial secretion of glucagon?

Answer 34

Amylin

Question 35

How does glucagon effect proteins and fat?

Answer 35

Protein: Stim hepatic proteolysis, liver AA uptake, and hepatic ureagenesis

Fat (adipose): lipolysis in adipose, (+) of HSL, TG broken down to FA and glycerol

Fat (liver): FA to ketones, glycerol to glucose

Question 36

Insulin favors what type of bodily state?

Answer 36

anabolic state

Question 37

What suppresses the mobilization of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane?

Answer 37

FFA

Question 38

How does insulin secretion increase in response to varying levels of glucose concentrations?

Answer 38

Question 39

Describe the feedback triangle of the islet

Answer 39

Question 40

What type of drugs regulate the K channel activity?

Answer 40

Sulfonylurea drugs

Question 41

What organ is this? What are the two parts?

Answer 41

The pancreas

Question 42

What does Hannah Swaggerty like to do in her free time?

Answer 42

Slide down the stairs on a matress while pretending she is Aladdin