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PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Which term is the best for a carcinoma that doesn’t perforate basement membrane?

A

Dysplasia

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2
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A

a non-malignant cellular growth, but may precede malignant changes in the tissue

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3
Q

What is Dysplasia associated with?

A

It is associated with chronic irritation of a tissue, tissue appears somewhat structure less & disorganized & may consists of a typical cells without invasion

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4
Q

Most indicative of cancer?

A

Dysplasia

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5
Q

Which term describes a lack of differentiation?

A

Anaplasia (found in more malignant tumors)

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6
Q

Anaplasia is a ?

A

deddifferentiation (less-well differentiated is anaplastic)

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7
Q

Metaplasia

A

reversible replacement of one tissue type with another

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8
Q

Which of the following would you not expect with a neoplasm/not a characteristic of malignancy?

A

Aplasia

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9
Q

Neoplasm differences?

A 
Benign: 
Well differentiated
Slow Growth
Encapsulated/ well-circumscribed
Localized
Movable
Malignant:
Less differentiated (anaplastic)
Rapid Growth
Invasion/metastasis
Immovable
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10
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Cancer of Plasma Cells in bone marrow

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11
Q

Having Bence Jones in urine indicates?

A

multiple myeloma

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12
Q

multiple myeloma has bench jones protein, Russell bodies, ________, increased susceptibility to infection

A

punched out appearance

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13
Q

what are the lab results of a person that has prostate cancer?

A

increased serum acid phosphatase & increase prostatic specific antigen

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14
Q

Prostate carcinoma w/ metastases to the bone results in_________?

A

increased PTH, high alkaline phosphatase & increase in Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA)

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15
Q

Man has bony exocytosis with anaplastic gladular epi. What is it?

A

Prostate carcinoma, which metastases

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16
Q

Most probable cause for prolonged bleeding time in a patient with Leukemia

A

Decreased number of blood platelet

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17
Q

Leukemia is a ?

A

diseases of the reticuloendothelial system involving uncontrolled proliferation of WBC

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18
Q

What do people with Leukemia may have what?

A

they may have thrombocytopenia

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19
Q

Reed-Sternberg cells

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

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20
Q

In addition to Karposi’s Sarcoma which other malignant neoplasm is often observed with AIDS

A

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

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21
Q

HIV is a what?

A

oncogenic RNA virus

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22
Q

What are non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma ?

A

they are cancers of lymphoid tissue with the involved tissue being enlarged & are accompanied by night sweats & fever

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23
Q

Patient has ulcers in the gingiva. Lab values are 1200 WBC, 98% lymphocyte, normal platelet/RBC. What does the pt have?

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

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24
Q

ALL & CLL have high # of lymphocytes. The leukemia cells survive longer than _______

A

survive longer than normal cells, and build up, crowding out normal cells in the bone marrow

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25
Q

What do you find in the sweat of a person with Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Increased chloride & chloride (NaCl)

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26
Q

Patient with rash on sided of face, droopy eye lid, constriction of pupil, what nerve dysfunction?

A

Horner’s Syndrome –> damage to sympathetic (superior cervical Ganglion)

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27
Q

Tay-Sachs disease (hexosaminidase A deficiency) is an auto-immune autosomal recessive disorder causing what?

A

causing deterioration of nerve cells due to accumulation of gangliosides (spinolipid) causing nerve death

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28
Q

Sphingomyelin/Sphingophospholipid: know characteristics

A

Not responsible for RBC Recognition

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29
Q

Describe Sphingomyelin Function:

A

Plasma Membrane Constituent, nerve tissue constituent (myelin sheath), lysosomes

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30
Q

Major constituent

A

ceremide & choline, accumulation is Neimann-Pick Disease

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31
Q

What diseases are lysosomal deficiency?

A

Niemann-Pick, Gaucher’s, Tay-Sachs

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32
Q

Prions affect which organ

A

Brain

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33
Q

Mitral Valve is messed up, what will you see?

A

Pulmonary Edema

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34
Q

What does not cause edema?

A

High Albumin (some sources say Shock)

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35
Q

Patient had a stroke. What common artery was severed

A

Middle cerebral artery

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36
Q

Stroke can cause what in the brain?

A

infract in the brain

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37
Q

Patient got epidural hemorrhage, which artery was severed?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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38
Q

Person has acute hemorrhage, what occurs?

A

Heart Rate increases & BP increases

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39
Q

Myocardial Infraction

A

coagulative necrosis (ishcemia, blood loss, <3/kidney)

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40
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

enzyme digestion, infection (CNS)

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41
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

large areas (lower extremities, bowel)

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42
Q

Fat/calcified necrosis

A

pancreas, breast, etc

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43
Q

Which one is autosomal dominant?

A

Garnder’s Syndrome

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44
Q

X-linked

A

agammaglobulinemia (lack of gamma globulin in the blood causing immune deficiency)

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45
Q

Atelectasis

A

deflated/collapsed aleveoli (reduction in gas exchange)

46
Q

What disease blocks acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ?

A

myasthenia gravis

47
Q

What tumor is associated with myasthenia gravis?

A

Thymoma (tumor in thymus gland, t-cell maturation)

48
Q

What would a tumor of the anterior pituitary cause?

A

affected ACTH specifically

49
Q

Excessing secretion of ACTH causes?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

50
Q

Excessive ACTH causes?

A

hyperglycemia & weight gain

51
Q

Acromegaly as a result of tumor of what?

A

Anterior Pituitary (causing high levels of growth hormone)

52
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

lack of ADH

53
Q

How would you describe Diabetes Type 1

A

autoimmune & islet cells appear degenerated

54
Q

What causes microanginema in diabetic?

A

Damage to small capiliarries

55
Q

What is responsible for POLYURIA in diabetes?

A

Capacity of the kidneys to reabsorb glucose is surpassed glucose is lost in the urine, along w/ of water & electrolytes

56
Q

Neurofibromatosis is characterized by?

A

Multiple large pigmented skin lesions (cafe-aut-lait, light brown spots on the skin)

57
Q

GERD (Gastro esophageal reflex disease)

A

Barret’s esophagus & its premalignant metaplasia

58
Q

what is Adenocarcinoma?

A

replacement of normal epithelium lining of esophagus w/ simple columnar epithelium + goblet cells (which are found in lower GI)

59
Q

where in the GI tract are you most likely to see achalasia?

A

Esophagus

60
Q

Achalasia affects ability to perform what?

A

perstalsis, nerve related

61
Q

Describe Acute pyelonephritis

A

infection of RENAL PELVIS (Kidney & ureters), usually E. coli most often from a UTI or Vesicoureteral reflux

62
Q

Active infection & abscess can develop, renal pelvis fill with what?

A

pus (PMNs)

63
Q

Chronic Pyelonephritis

A

implies recurrent kidney infections & can result in scarring of the renal parenchyma & impaired function, esp. due to obstruction (usually E. coli infection of renal pelvis)

64
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney. Present with hematuria & proteinuria, or acute or chronic renal failure. Primary cause are intrinsic to the kidney

65
Q

What Gi disease is characterized by non-caseating granulomas?

A

Crohn’s disease

66
Q

GI carcinoma/malignancy caused by?

A

villous adenoma

67
Q

What part has the most chance of an adenocarcinoma?

A

rectum

68
Q

Rectum/sigmoid:

A

assoc w/ Villus Adenomas, such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Gardner’s syndrome & Famililial Polyposis (colorectal villous polyps)

69
Q

Positive anti-nuclear antibody test (ANA) & positive anti-smith antibody is specific for disease?

A

Lupus SLE

- RH+ factor suggested that the patient has SLE, also has joint problems (RA)

70
Q

which one is not an autoimmune disease?

a. Arthus reaction
b. Erythroblastosis fetalis
c. SLE
d. Multiple Sclerosis

A

b. Erythroblastosis fetalis

mom= Rh (+)/baby Rh (-), causes hemolytic anemia

71
Q

Sickle Cell anemia Hbs what happens? (Hbs = hemoglobin S, abnormal B-globin)

a. Agglutination & Oxygenation
b. Agllutinatination & Deoxygenation
c. Deglutination & Deoxygenation
d. Deglutination & Oxygenation

A

b. Agglutination & Deoxygenation

72
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

missense mutation (single point mutation)

73
Q

pernicious anemia results from what

A

Lack of vitamin B12

74
Q

Megaloblastic anemia is due to a deficiency of?

A

Folic Acd (B9)

75
Q

Most common type of anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia

76
Q

Chronic ulcer with chronic slow blood loss: what is the most likely complication?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

77
Q

Chronic blood loss from duodenum leads to

A

Microcytic & hypochromatic anemia (Iron Def Anemia)

78
Q

Chronic bleeding peptic ulcer, what is a sign/symptom

A

Fecal occult (blood in stool)

79
Q

What does NOT cause Cancer?

A

Antracosis

80
Q

Antracosis is caused by what?

A

caused by chronic exposure to coal, polluted air or cigaretts. Black pigment is deposited in lung parenchyma

81
Q

Most common cancer of the lung

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

82
Q

Most common site in the lung to have Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Center of the Lung

83
Q

Patient has dysphonia, dysphagia, weight loss, long term heavy smoker

A

laryngeal carcinoma

84
Q

Where in the lungs does cancer arise if patient smokes cigarette?

A

Bronchiolar cells

85
Q

With hypertension, the heart shows?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

86
Q

All of the following are reasons for HTN except

a. Renin
b. Angiotensin II
c. Partial Occlusion of Renal Artery
d. Pheochromocytoma

A

c. Partial Occlusion of Renal Artery

87
Q

Anterior of the right & left ventricles have necrosis, what artery is blocked?

A

Anterior intraventricular artery

88
Q

Swollen lymph nodes in the supraclavicular region (Virchow’s node) indicate cancer of?

A

Gastric cancer

89
Q

What syndrome increase risk of colic cancer?

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (causes growths/polyps in the GI)

90
Q

Man is in the sun a lot, develops grown spot to the side of the nose that is growing?

A

Lentigo Mligna

91
Q

Which disease is caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis

92
Q

Caseous necrosis has cheese-like tissue appearance & granuloma, cell death caused by?

A

enzymatic degradation

93
Q

Caseous necrosis is common in what?

A

TB, Leprosy, histoplasmosis

94
Q

A girl from Africa had TB, what would not be a cause of a positive TB test

A

Leprosy

95
Q

What do cerebral vascular accidents, Parkinson’s, & Alzheimer’s have in common?

A

Dementia

96
Q

Parkinson’s =?

A

substantia nigra affected, tremors/uncontrolled movement

97
Q

True or False?

Amyloid deposit related to Sjogren’s syndrome (and Alzheimer’s)

A

True

98
Q

If hypophysis isn’t working?

A

hypogonadotrophy

99
Q

Basal cell carcinoma is upper lip & ________

A

squamous cell carcinoma is the lower lip

100
Q

What causes old men to piss a lot?

A

BPH (benign prostate hyperplasia)

101
Q

Most common cause of lump/palpable mass on a woman’s breast?

A

Fibrocystic Lesions/changes

102
Q

Fibroadenoma is what?

A

most common tumor, benign, unilateral

103
Q

Hypothyroidism causes?

A

Positive nitrogen balance

104
Q

Metastatic Calcification & nephrolithiasis (renal Ca+ stones) are due to?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

105
Q

Adenosine Deaminase deficiency casues what disease?

A

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID)

106
Q

Adenosine deaminase is involved in what?

A

in purine metabolism & is needed for the breakdown of adenosine from food

107
Q

Primary function in humans is the development & maintenance of the ________

A

immune system

108
Q

What is likely cause of a pulmonary embolism?

A

Thrombophlebitis (esp from deep vein thrombosis)

109
Q

Most common endometrial cancer

A

Leiocarcinoma

110
Q

Goiiters are due to _________

A

hyperplasia (not hypertrophy)

111
Q

What does hypoplasia most like

A

small organ development

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