Veins

Question 1

What are the two groups of veins?

Answer 1

• pulmonary venous system (small circulation) which takes re-oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
• venous system of high circulation which is deoxygenated blood from organs to the right atrium.

Question 2

Veins are more numerous than arteries. True or False.

Answer 2

True, there are about 2 veins for each artery.

Question 3

What is the portal system?

Answer 3

It is where veins are divided into capillaries and then followed by on or more new veins. An example is portal vein between the intestines and the liver.

Question 4

What constitutes the cranial vena cava?

Answer 4

It is made of 4 large veins:
in horses and cows = 2 x axillary veins and 2 x jugular veins
in carnivores = 2 x subclavian and 2 x jugular veins.

Question 5

What are the tributaries of the cranial vena cava in the horse?

Answer 5

• internal thoracic vein
• vertebral vein
• costo-cervical vein
• deep cervical vein
• right azygous vein

Question 6

What are the tributaries of the cranial vena cava in the cow?

Answer 6

• internal thoracic
• vertebral vein
• deep cervical
• costo-cervical
• left azygous vein

Question 7

What are the tributaries of the cranial vena cava in carnivores?

Answer 7

• internal thoracic vein
• thyroid vein
• costo-cervical
• right azygous
• veterbral vein

Question 8

What are the roots of the cranial vena cava?

Answer 8

the jugular veins.

Question 9

Where do the jugular veins begin?

Answer 9

They begin at two roots, the superficial temporal and the maxillary veins.

Question 10

Where is the jugular vein in the horse located?

Answer 10

In the jugular groove betweenn the brachiocephalic and the sterno-cephalic muscles.
in horses it is only the external jugular vein.

Question 11

Where is the jugular vein in carnivores?

Answer 11

External = superficially lies on sternocephalicus to base of the neck at brachiocephalicus.
Internal = satellite to common carotid artery,

Question 12

Where is the jugular vein in cows?

Answer 12

External = jugular groove where it separated from primitive aorta by sternicephalicus and omohyoideum muscles. 
Internal = satellite to common carotid but it can be absent.

Question 13

What are the tributaries of the jugular vein in the horse?

Answer 13

• mandibulomuscular vein
• caudal auricular vein
• occipital vein
• cranial thyroid vein
• facial vein
• cephalic vein

Question 14

What are the tributaries of the jugular vein in the dog?

Answer 14

• omobrachial vein
• cephalic vein
• internal jugular vein
• superficial cervical vein

Question 15

Where are the roots of the jugular vein in the horse?

Answer 15

• superficial temporal vein
• maxillary vein
• CNS veins (sinus of skull and cranial vault)

Question 16

Where are the roots of the jugular vein in the dog?

Answer 16

• glossofacial veins
• retromandibular veins
• CNS veins

Question 17

What are the axillary and forelimb veins of the horse?

Answer 17

hand veins:
- ungulate veins
- digital veins
- metacarpal and carpal veins (medial, lateral common digital veins and metacarpal deep veins)
Forearm and arm
- superficial veins (accessory cephalic, cephalic and subcutaneous thoracic)
- deep veins (medial and brachial veins).

Question 18

What are the axillary and forelimb veins of the dog?

Answer 18

hand veins:

• superficial (to cephalic vein)
• deep (to subclavian vein)

Question 19

Where is the caudal vena cava located and what is it’s function?

Answer 19

It extends from the pelvic entrance (confluence of two large common iliac veins) to the right atrium, running under vertebrae to the right of the caudal aorta.
It collects all hindlimb, pelvis and abdomen veins.

Question 20

What are the tributaries of caudal vena cava in the horse?

Answer 20

parietal:
- lumbar veins
- phrenic veins 
visceral 
- testicular
- ovarian
- renal 
- portal

Question 21

What are the tributaries of the caudal vena cava in the dog?

Answer 21

parietal
- lumbar 
- cranial and caudal phrenic 
- abdominal cranal 
- deep iliac circumflex
visceral 
- ovarian 
- testicular
- renal
- suprarenal 
- portal

Question 22

Where is the portal vein?

Answer 22

the portal vein originates at the sublumbar region and end in the hilum of the liver.

Question 23

What is the function of the portal vein?

Answer 23

collects blood from the abdominal portion of the digestive system and spleen.

Question 24

What are the two iliac veins of the caudal vena cava?

Answer 24

the external (follows femoral vein) and internal (two roots - internal pudenal vein and caudal gluteal vein).
these help drain the blood from the pelvic area, inguinal area and abdominal wall.

Question 25

What are the veins of the cows’ udder?

Answer 25

• caudal superficial epigastric vein or cranial mammary vein
• external pudenal vein or inguinal mammary vein
• perineal or caudal mammary vein

Question 26

What are the hindlimb veins of the horse?

Answer 26

• superficial (medial and lateral saphenous)

- deep veins (cranial and caudal tibial veins, popliteal and femoral veins)

Question 27

What are the hindlimb veins of the dog?

Answer 27

• superficial (medial and lateral saphenous)

- deep (cranial and caudal tibial veins, popliteal and femoral veins).