Kidney 3

Question 1

Components of the glomerulus

Answer 1

• glomerular filtration membrane

- podocytes of epithelium

Question 2

Parts of the glomerular filtration membrane

Answer 2

• inner (porous)
• middle (selective permeability)
• outer

Question 3

What does the outer glomerular filtration membrane contain?

Answer 3

Podocytes

Question 4

Parts of podocytes

Answer 4

• pedicles

- filtration slits

Question 5

Podocytes: pedicles

Answer 5

Projections that adhere to

• basement membrane
• other podocytes

Question 6

Podocytes: filtration slits

Answer 6

• formed between pedicles

- covered with anions (negative charge) preventing protein filtration

Question 7

glomerular filtrate =

Answer 7

• what passes through the 3 layers of the membrane

- forms primary urine

Question 8

Bowman’s space =

Answer 8

Area between capillary layers and Bowman’s capsule

Question 9

Afferent arteriole carries blood where?

Answer 9

Into the glomerulus

Question 10

Efferent arteriole carries

Answer 10

Filtered blood away from the glomerulus

Question 11

These cells release renin

Answer 11

Juxtaglomerular cells

Question 12

Where are the juxtaglomerular cells located?

Answer 12

Within afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 13

Macula densa =

Answer 13

• specialized cell that sits between afferent and efferent arteriole
• Na+ sensing cells of the distal tubule

Question 14

PCT cell types

Answer 14

cuboidal cells with microvilli

Question 15

Why do PCT cells have microvilli?

Answer 15

Enhances reabsorption

Question 16

This is the primary end goal of the PCT

Answer 16

Active reabsorption of Na+

Question 17

Loop of Henle descends into the

Answer 17

Medulla

Question 18

Loop of Henle: Descending portion involved with

Answer 18

Passive transport of H2O into the medulla for reabsorption

Question 19

Loop of Henle: descending portion function

Answer 19

• active transports of solutes for reabsorption

- approx 65% of solutes are reabsorbed here

Question 20

function of the DCT

Answer 20

Continues reabsorption of other ions

Question 21

Collecting duct connects

Answer 21

Nephron to ureter

Question 22

These drain into one collecting duct

Answer 22

Many DCTs drain into the same duct. The urine then leaves the kidney from here into the ureter

Question 23

This loop is highly permeable to water. Why?

Answer 23

• descending loop

- passive transport of water following the Na+

Question 24

Ascending loop: permeability

Answer 24

• NOT permeable to water

- water can’t follow the NaCl transport

Question 25

Transport of ions out of the ascending loop is (active/passive)

Answer 25

Active

Question 26

This is the reason the medullary interstitium stays salty

Answer 26

Countercurrent exchange system

Question 27

Hormones that affect the kidneys

Answer 27

• ADH
• Aldosterone
• Atrial natriuretic peptide
• Diuretics

Question 28

ADH controls

Answer 28

water reuptake in distal tubules

Question 29

Aldosterone function

Answer 29

• reabsorb sodium into vessels from distal tubules and collecting ducts
• secrete K+ from vessels

Question 30

From where is aldosterone secreted?

Answer 30

Adrenal cortex (under regulation of RAAS)

Question 31

ADH comes from

Answer 31

Posterior pituitary

Question 32

What is atrial natriuretic peptide?

Answer 32

• diuretic
• decreases aldosterone
• dilates vessels

Question 33

How does atrial natriuretic peptide act as a diuretic?

Answer 33

• inhibits renin

- renin inhibits Na+ and water reabsorption into vessels

Question 34

How do diuretics enhance urine flow?

Answer 34

By decreasing reabsorption

Question 35

Hormones synthesized or activated by kidneys

Answer 35

• urodilatin

- EPO

Question 36

Urodilatin

Answer 36

• natriuretic peptide

- stimulated by increased BV and BP

Question 37

EPO

Answer 37

stimulates RBC production due to decreased O2 delivery to kidneys

Question 38

Atrial natriuretic peptide is released from _____

Answer 38

Heart