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Year 5 Cancer > Testicular Cancer > Flashcards

Testicular Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

who does testicular cancer commonly affect

A

young males

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2
Q

what is the prognosis for testicular cancer

A

highly curable when diagnosed earlier

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3
Q

what is a precancerous condition for testicular cancer

A

carcinoma in situ

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4
Q

aetiology

A

all germ cell tumours begin during fetal development and progress through a non-invasive stage called intratubular germ cell neoplasia (carcinoma in situ)

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5
Q

what is carcinoma in situ

A

a precancerous lesion which may lead to malignant growth

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6
Q

what environmental factors can cause testicular cancer

A

trauma
hormones
atrophy

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7
Q

what chromosomal factors can induce testicular cancer

A

gain of 12p

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8
Q

how does carcinoma in situ become testicular cancer

A

malignant transformation of carcinoma in situ by growth beyond basement membrane

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9
Q

how does metastasis occur in testicular cancer

A

lymphatics

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10
Q

what is the most common form of germ cell testicular cancer

A

seminoma

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11
Q

risk factors

A

cryptochidism (absence of testes - undescended testis)
FHx or PMHx of testicular cancer
testicular atrophy due to trauma

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12
Q

what are features of testicular cancer

A

RFs
young adult male
painless testicular mass which is smooth and firm

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13
Q

what should be done first when a patient presents with suspected testicular cancer

A

examination

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14
Q

what is the first line investigation for testicular cancer

A

USS (colour doppler)

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15
Q

what can doppler differentiate testicular cancer from

A

varicocele

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16
Q

what is diagnostic of testicular cancer (tumour markers)

A

raised B-hCG, AFP, LDH

17
Q

which carcinomas are not associated with a rise in AFP (b-hCG only)

A

seminomas

choriocarcinomas

18
Q

what are two groups of testicular cancers

A

1 germ cell TCs

2 sex-cord stromal TCs

19
Q

what are the different forms of germ cell TCs

A

A seminoma

B embryonal carcinoma

20
Q

what are the different forms of embryonal carcinomas

A 
1 extraembryonic tissues
-choriocarcinoma
-endodermal sinus tumour
2 embryonic tissues
-teratoma
3 mixed
-teratocarcinomas
21
Q

what are the different forms of sex-cord stromal TCs

A

A sertoli cell tumour
B leydig cell tumour
C lymphoma
D SCC

22
Q

is a seminoma radio or chemo sensitive

A

both

23
Q

what tumour marker is associated with seminoma

A

placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)

24
Q

when can PLAP not be used as a marker for seminoma

A

in smokers - interferes with PLAP levels

25
Q

what condition are seminomas associated with

A

cryptorchidism

26
Q

are embryonal carcinomas radio or chemo sensitive

A

chemo sensitive (choriocarcinoma, endodermal sinus tumour, teratomas, teratocarcinomas)

27
Q

what tumour marker is associated with choriocarcinoma

A

BcHG

28
Q

what tumour marker is associated with endodermal sinus tumour

A

AFP

29
Q

is teratoma benign or malignant

A

malignant

30
Q

who presents with SCC of testicles

A

those exposed to soot (chimney sweeps)

31
Q

what is the most common sex cord stromal TC

A

lyphoma

32
Q

who presents with lymphomas

A

> 60yrs

33
Q

who presents with leydig cell tumours

A

<60yrs

34
Q

what is seen in children and adults with leydig cell tumorus

A

precocious puberty in children

gynaecomastic in adults

Year 5 Cancer (25 decks)

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