trikkkky

Question 1

how do statins work

Answer 1

they inhibit the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. this enzyme controls the production of cholesterol.

statins block the active site of enzymes, stopping other molecules from activating it, therefore slowing down the production of cholesterol

Question 2

overall outcome of using statins

Answer 2

reduction in hepatic mevalonate production

Question 3

which enzyme do statins target

Answer 3

HMG-CoA reductase- made in the liver

Question 4

where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus found

Answer 4

at the junction of the distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole

Question 5

function of JGA

Answer 5

help regulated BP and glomerular filtration

Question 6

2 types of cell in JGA

Answer 6

Juxtaglomerular and macula densa

Question 7

juxtaglomerular

Answer 7

secretes renin in response to a drop in BP and glomerular filtration –> RAAS

Question 8

macula densa cells

Answer 8

senses changes in solute conc in DCT

Question 9

where doe macula densa sense changes in solute conc

Answer 9

DCT

Question 10

aldosterne

Answer 10

increases Na+ reabsorption- increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed –> increase in BP

Question 11

angiotensin 2 causes

Answer 11

vasoconstriction

Question 12

juxtaglomerular cells are found closest to

Answer 12

the afferent arteriole

Question 13

which solute specifically does macula densa sense

Answer 13

sodium

Question 14

if sodium levels are high in DCT

Answer 14

adenosine is secreted

Question 15

adenosine

Answer 15

causes constriction of afferent arterioles - less filtration –> less Na+

Question 16

what does vasoconstriction causes

Answer 16

less filtration

Question 17

what is another response macula densa cells have to a high level of Na

Answer 17

they inhibit the secretion of Nitric oxide synthestase (NOS)

Question 18

NOS

Answer 18

causes NO to be produced which causes vasoconstriction

Question 19

decrease in NO

Answer 19

vasodilation

Question 20

if Na+ levels are low

Answer 20

macula densa cells secrete NOS- vasodilation

Question 21

class switching

Answer 21

also known as isotope switching is a biological mechanism that changes a B cells production of antibodies from one type to another.

e.g. at the beginning of a infection the antibodies will be IgM, however after class switching the predominant antibody being produced will be IgG

Question 22

what do T cells release to activate B cells to proliferate

Answer 22

interleukin

Question 23

interlocking released by T cells

Answer 23

activates the B cell to proliferate

Question 24

B cells become

Answer 24

memory B cells- stored for future infection, ready to proliferate rapidly and into Plasma cells to secrete antibodies

Question 25

MHC II

Answer 25

antibodies

Question 26

MHC I

Answer 26

cytotoxicity