6 Learning

Question 1

is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. It does not include behavior changes that are due to maturation or temporary conditions of the organism, such as fatigue or drug-induced states.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response.

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

excitation states that repeated pairing of the conditioned response and unconditioned stimulus elicit conditioned response.

Answer 3

principles of acquisition

Question 4

states that the inhibitory process occurs when, after establishing the conditioned responses, a new stimulus is presented at the same time with the conditioned stimulus.

Answer 4

principle of extinction

Question 5

states that a conditioned response, after being extinguished, will reoccur or reappear without further conditioning.

Answer 5

principle of spontaneous recovery

Question 6

what are the 3 basic principles of classical conditioning

Answer 6

1. principle of acquisition
2. principle of extinction
3. principle of spontaneous recovery

Question 7

is the basis for many of the most important kinds of human and animal learning. It is a kind of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable of unfavorable consequences.

Answer 7

Operant Conditioning

Question 8

is a process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.

Answer 8

reinforcement

Question 9

process of operant conditioning

Answer 9

-accidental response
-reinforcement
-deliberate response

Question 10

refers to any
stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

Answer 10

reinforcer

Question 11

is a stimulus added to
the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

Answer 11

positive reinforcer

Question 12

refers to an unpleasant
stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

Answer 12

negative reinforcer

Question 13

refers to a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again.

Answer 13

punishment

Question 14

what are the central concept of operant conditioning

Answer 14

1. reinforcement
2. reinforcer
3. positive reinforcer
4. negative reinforcer

Question 15

(“positive” means adding something)

Answer 15

positive punishment

Question 16

weakens a response through the application of unpleasant stimulus.

Answer 16

positive punishment

Question 17

For instance, spanking a child from misbehaving or spending ten years in jail for committing a crime is positive punishment.

Answer 17

positive punishment

Question 18

(“negative” means removing something).

Answer 18

negative punishment

Question 19

Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.

Answer 19

negative punishment

Question 20

For instance, when a teenager is told she is “grounded” and no longer be able to use the family car because of her poor grades is negative punishment.

Answer 20

negative punishment

Question 21

which is done when a behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs

Answer 21

continuous reinforcement

Question 22

wherein a response is reinforced only part of the time.

Answer 22

partial reinforcement

Question 23

4 schedules of partial reinforcement

Answer 23

1. fixed-ratio schedules
2. variable-ratio schedules
3. fixed-interval schedules
4. variable-interval schedules

Question 24

occurs when a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.

Answer 24

fixed-ratio schedules

Question 25

Examples include workers who are paid for the number of baskets of fruits picked or reports written. This type of fixed-ratio payment is commonly referred to as “piecework”

Answer 25

fixed ratio schedules

Question 26

reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather that after a fixed number.

Answer 26

variable-ratio schedules

Question 27

Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule. One never knows when he might hit the jackpot, and a high response rate is likely to occur.

Answer 27

variable-ratio schedules

Question 28

occur when the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed..

Answer 28

fixed-interval schedules

Question 29

Employees who are paid an hourly or daily wage or a weekly or monthly salary are being reinforced on this schedule

Answer 29

fixed-interval schedules

Question 30

occurs when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Answer 30

variable-interval schedules

Question 31

a worker is paid on the average of one month, but the exact time depends on when the owner does the payroll.

Answer 31

variable-interval schedules

Question 32

An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

Answer 32

cognitive learning theory

Question 33

Concepts are generalized symbolic responses to represent similar stimuli or situations.

Answer 33

concept learning

Question 34

Concepts are either abstract or concrete (Ariola, 2000)

Answer 34

concept learning

Question 35

is a mental process marked by sudden and expected solution to a problem, a phenomenon often called the “ah-ha!” experience.

Answer 35

insight learning

Question 36

is learning by observing the behavior of another person or a model.

Answer 36

observational learning

Question 37

types of cognitive learning theory

Answer 37

1. concept learning 2. insight learning 3. observational learning

Question 38

proposed the primary laws of learning (laws of effect, readiness and exercise). Other psychologists proposed the laws of apperception, association, frequency and recency, intensity, and the law of forgetting (Ariola, 2000).

Answer 38

Edward Lee Thorndike

Question 39

states that if the responses are rewarded and the reward is satisfying or pleasant, the connection or behavior is strengthened.

Answer 39

The law of effect

Question 40

states that when an individual is ready (matured) to act, doing it is satisfying; not doing it is annoying or when an individual is not ready (not matured) to act, trying to do it is annoying and frustrating.

Answer 40

the law of readiness

Question 41

states that the more connections are exercised, the stronger the connections become.

Answer 41

the law of exercise

Question 42

states that when a new experience is connected or integrated with the past experiences, learning is effective.

Answer 42

The law of apperception

Question 43

It points out that the more experiences are associated or related to each other to form new connections, the better is the learning.

Answer 43

The law of association

Question 44

states that the more frequent a response is made, the easier is the stimulus recalled while the law of recency stresses that if there are several responses made to a stimulus, the more recent one is easily learned of recalled.

Answer 44

the law of frequency

Question 45

states that the more intense is the connection, the stronger is the connection, and consequently learning is effective.

Answer 45

the law of intensity

Question 46

states that the first learned act will be better remembered that acts learned later.

Answer 46

the law of primacy

Question 47

states that meaningful stimuli are easily learned and less likely forgotten than non-meaningful stimuli

Answer 47

the law of forgetting

Question 48

what are the laws of learning

Answer 48

a. the law of effect b. the law of readiness c. the law of exercise d. the law of apperception e. the law of association f. the law of frequency g. the law of intensity h. the law of primacy i. the law of forgetting