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History - The Tudors - Henry VII > 6 - Religion, Humanism, The Arts And Learning > Flashcards

6 - Religion, Humanism, The Arts And Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What religion people did all English people belong to?

A

Catholic Church

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2
Q

What kind of role did the Catholic Church play?

A
  • Political
  • Economic
  • Social
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3
Q

Were most people loyal to the Catholic Church?

A
  • Yes: most people fully accepted beliefs of Catholicism

- BUT: some opposition (heresy + anticlericalism)

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4
Q

What was a cardinal?

A

Senior churchman (international)

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5
Q

What was an archbishop?

A

Senior churchman (head of province)

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6
Q

What was a bishop?

A

Churchman (head of diocese)

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7
Q

What was a parish priest?

A

Head of parish church

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8
Q

Who was the head of the church?

A

The Pope

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9
Q

What was the relationship between the Church (Pope) + the State (Henry VII)?

A
  • Erastian (State had more authority in England than Church)
  • Respectful, positive relationship
  • Worked together
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10
Q

Give an example of an action when the Pope + Henry VII worked together

A

Abolition of the ‘Privilege of Sanctuary’
(Could no longer go to sanctuary to escape convictions)
- Henry VII abolished it
- Got permission of Pope

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11
Q

How did the Church have a political role?

A

Helped with administration + control of the country (nationwide level, local level, personal level)

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12
Q

What sections was the country split into by the Church to allow it to play its political role (admin + control)?

A 
2 provinces 
- Canterbury + York
- Each run by an Archbishop 
17 dioceses
- Within provinces
- Each run by a Bishop 
Many (approx 10,000) parishes
- Within dioceses
- Each run by a Parish Priest
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13
Q

How did the Church play political role of helping control the public at a nationwide level?

A

Lords Spiritual in House of Lords

  • Bishops, abbots, heads of religious houses
  • Played position in Parliament, helping pass laws + administer control

Clergymen in high political roles

  • E.g. John Morton + Bishop Fox (Council + Privy Chamber)
  • Influenced laws passed + actions taken by King
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14
Q

How did the Church play political role of helping control the public at a local level?

A

Church courts

- Some jurisdiction powers to convict + control public (non-secular matters, marriages, wills, etc)

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15
Q

How did the Church play political role of helping control the public at a personal level?

A

Individuals behaved better + observed 7 Sacraments, as wanted to acquire grace (pure state of soul needed to enter heaven) + limit time in purgatory (state in which sins purged)

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16
Q

What are the 7 Sacraments of the Catholic Church that individuals had to observe?

A
  • Baptism = welcoming baby into Church community
  • Confirmation = transition into adulthood, faith own responsibility
  • Marriage = two individuals pledge themselves to each other
  • Anointing sick = preparing dying for passage to Heaven
  • Penance = seeking forgiveness for sins
  • Holy orders = priest empowered to give sacraments to others
  • Eucharist = Holy Communion, in which transubstantiation completed
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17
Q

Why was Holy Communion important?

A
  • Fulfilled seventh sacrament of Eucharist
  • Priest giving sacrifice on behalf of whole community
  • Whole community participated
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18
Q

What was transubstantiation?

A

Bread + wine becomes body + blood of Christ during Holy Communion, which is given to community to bring them closer to God

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19
Q

How did the Church play an economic role?

A
  • Something that individuals spent their money on by choice (indulgences + donations by benefactors)
  • Something that individuals were forced to donate to via tax (tithes)
  • Way that individuals could get money (well paid high Church roles)
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20
Q

How rich was the Church?

A

Unknown, but VERY RICH

- Had approx 1/3 England’s land

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21
Q

What were indulgences?

A

Monetary payment by individuals to absolve sins

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22
Q

What were donations by benefactors?

A

Donations made by individuals to improve the beauty of worship (e.g. to pay for church repairs) + for personal reasons (e.g. in hope to reduce time in purgatory + be remembered)

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23
Q

What were tithes?

A

Tax of 1/10 of a person’s income paid to Church (usually paid in wheat)

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24
Q

How did the Church play a social role?

A
  • Time when community came together during services
  • Guilds + confraternities
  • Pilgrimages
  • Entertainment/festivals
  • Way that individuals could rise up the social ladder (by getting high Church roles)
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25
Q

What were guilds + confraternities?

A

Voluntary associations individuals created to promote religion

  • Social groups
  • Very popular (E.g. Small rural parish Salle, Norfolk, had 7)
  • Varied in wealth + size
  • Raised money through fundraisers (E.g. Church ale festivals - Mids)
  • Contributed to community projects (E.g. bridges, schools)
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26
Q

Why did guilds + confraternities sometimes cause an issue?

A

Powerful ones acted as monopolies (e.g. on trade)

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27
Q

What was a pilgrimage?

A

A journey to a place of religious devotion

  • Hoped to reduce time in purgatory
  • Most popular site: Thomas Becket’s tomb, Canterbury
  • Large scale pilgrimages losing some popularity
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28
Q

What was Rogationtide?

A
  • Walk around parish with banners, praying to ward off evil spirits (known as ‘beating the bounds’)
  • Completed by members of community each Sunday
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29
Q

How was the Church a source of entertainment?

A
  • Did festivals, often based on agricultural year

- E.g. Corpus Christi (‘body of Christ’) was a festival to celebrate importance of transubstantiation

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30
Q

Was individual worship done?

A
  • Yes

- Mystics emphasised importance of personal communication with God as well as social group services

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31
Q

What were the 3 types of religious orders?

A
  • Monks
  • Friars
  • Nuns
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32
Q

What was the importance of religious orders?

A
  • Was the life + job chosen by some individuals

- Gave back to the rest of society: charity, education, etc

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33
Q

What were monks?

A

Religious communities of men, living in self-sufficient monasteries, typically under vows of poverty, chastity and obedience

34
Q

There were different monastic orders. Give 2 examples

A

Benedictines

  • Most common
  • Oldest (named after first monk St Benedict)
  • Rich

Cistercians + Carthusians

  • Formed in hope of returning to simplistic monastic roots (stem away from the overly rich Benedictines), but eventually became rich + corrupt too
  • Often in rural areas
35
Q

What type of people typically became monks?

A
  • 1% adult males in 1500

- Often from rich backgrounds, but not the eldest son inheritor

36
Q

Were monks respected?

A

Yes - but sometimes disliked for being too rich

37
Q

What were friars?

A

Religious communities of men, living among lay people, typically under vows of poverty, chastity and obedience

38
Q

There were different types of friars. What were the names of the three main types at the time?

A
  • Dominicans (black friars)
  • Franciscans (grey friars)
  • Augustinians
39
Q

Why did friars form?

A

To give back more to the community than the wealthy monks

40
Q

What type of people typically became friars?

A
  • Often from more poor, humble backgrounds
41
Q

What were nuns?

A

Religious communities of women, in self-sufficient nunneries, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity and obedience

42
Q

Were nunneries rich?

A
  • Traditionally not (less rich than monasteries)

- Exception: Syon (richer + more respected than most)

43
Q

What type of people typically became nuns?

A
  • Often women deemed unsuitable for marriage (this was last resort)
44
Q

Were nuns respected?

A

Often no - much less respect than monks

45
Q

Did the Church need reform under Henry VII?

A
  • It was starting to
  • Corruption had started during War of Roses + was slowly growing, unstopped by Henry VII
  • By Henry VIII reign there was a need for reform
46
Q

What types of corruption/criticisms were present in the Church?

A
  • Nepotism
  • Simony
  • Pluralism
  • Church held ‘too much’ economic power
  • Church held ‘too much’ political power
  • Individuals + monastic orders were becoming corrupt
47
Q

How was nepotism a part of corruption in the Church?

A

Nepotism = giving roles to family/children

- Prevented the most suitable candidate getting the role

48
Q

How was simony a part of corruption in the Church?

A

Simony = buying/selling roles in the Church

- Prevented the most suitable candidate getting the role

49
Q

How was pluralism a part of corruption in the Church?

A

Pluralism = holding multiple roles in the Church

  • Prevented all roles being completed to best ability
  • Also an issue when clergymen had political roles, e.g. John Morton
50
Q

How was the Church holding ‘too much’ economic power a part of corruption in the Church?

A

Church were becoming great landowners + very rich

  • Land had to be administered, taking time away from spiritual matters
  • Church was never supposed to be a wealthy, profiting body
51
Q

How was the Church holding ‘too much’ political power a part of corruption in the Church?

A
  • Church courts could use capital punishment, seen as interfering with the job of the state
  • Clergymen with political roles were less focused on spiritual roles
52
Q

How were individuals + monastic orders becoming corrupt?

A

Not following their Church vows

  • E.g. Vow of celibacy: Pope Alexander II had 7 illegitimate kids
  • E.g. Vow of poverty: Benedictine monks becoming very rich
53
Q

Most people in England were loyal to the Church, but 2 strands of opposition were emerging under Henry VII, what were they?

A
  • Belief in need for REVOLUTION into new Church (Protestants)
  • Belief in need for REFORM of current Church (Humanists)
54
Q

What is heresy?

A

Denying validity of key Church doctrines

55
Q

What is anticlericalism?

A

Opposing the authority of the Church

56
Q

What did Protestants want with the Church?

A

To have a REVOLUTION to form a new version of the Church

57
Q

Which people were often described as heretics?

A

Protestants

58
Q

Who were the Lollards?

A

First famous Protestants

  • Founded by John Wycliffe at end of 14thC
  • Believed Catholic Church had become corrupt so must be remade, with emphasis on translating the Bible + removing key practices that they disagreed with (e.g. transubstantiation/Eucharist)
59
Q

Briefly outline the pattern of belief that Church needed a Revolution

A
  • Late 14th C: Became widespread belief under the Lollards
  • Early 15th C: Declined in popularity after Lollards labelled as heretics + their 1414 Lollard Uprising failed
  • Henry VII’s reign: Belief fairly uncommon
  • Henry VIII’s reign: Belief more widespread again, particularly after Luther’s 95 theses pinned on Wittenberg door in 1517
60
Q

Briefly outline the pattern of belief that Church needed a Reformation

A
  • Henry VII’s reign: Humanist scholars became known, with some support (boosted by Erasmus’ first visit to England in 1499)
  • Henry VIII’s reign: Humanism became more widespread (boosted by influence of one of King’s councillors: Thomas More)
61
Q

What was the burning of the heretics law? When? Who was affected?

A

Burning of heretics became part of English law (1401)

- Very few were actually prosecuted at time

62
Q

What did Humanists want with the Church?

A

To have a REFORMATION to improve the current Church + reduce corruption

63
Q

What was humanism?

A
  • Development of the 14th-15thC Renaissance
  • Intellectual movement that began in Italy
  • Focused on: reviving classical learning + the arts (by going back to the original texts) to produce a wholesome education
  • Regarding religion: focused on reforming Church to remove corruption through emphasis on education + translating religious texts
64
Q

Name 5 humanists

A
  • William Groycn (one of first English humanist scholars - theology)
  • Thomas Linacre (one of first English humanist scholars - science)
  • John Colet (one of most influential humanists - reforming Church from within)
  • Erasmus (one of most influential humanists - reforming Church from within)
  • Thomas More (influential councillor to Henry VIII)
65
Q

What was the alternative type of philosophy to humanism that was more widespread under Henry VII?

A

Scholastic philosophy (traditional, structured, formal)

66
Q

What was education like under Henry VII?

A
  • Available for: wealthy (only poor if very good local facilities)
  • Type: mainly traditional scholastic, humanism growing
  • In all, education becoming more popular (supported by humanism)
67
Q

What was elementary education under Henry VII?

A
  • Song schools

- Reading schools

68
Q

What was secondary education under Henry VII?

A
  • Grammar schools (many new formed)
69
Q

What type of schools had many new openings under Henry VII? How many opened?

A

Grammar schools

- 1460-1509: 53

70
Q

What was university education under Henry VII?

A
  • Oxford

- Cambridge (many new colleges founded - e.g. Christ’s College + St.John’s College founded by Lady Margaret Beaufort)

71
Q

What was the most prevalent art form under Henry VII?

A

Drama

72
Q

What were plays used for?

A

Giving religious + moral messages

73
Q

When were plays performed?

A
  • Festivals (E.g. Church ale festivals)

- Troupes of Players (constantly toured country, sponsored by nobles)

74
Q

When was music performed?

A
  • Local scale: Local groups performed at community festivals
  • Large scale: Choirs in cathedrals
  • King + other rich households: Paid to have regular performances
75
Q

What were minstrels?

A

Medieval singers/musicians who performed for King/rich households (often from balcony called the ‘minstrel’s gallery’)

76
Q

How was music developing at the time of Henry VII?

A

Single line chants were becoming polyphonic pieces (multiple sounds + voices)

77
Q

Name some instruments used at the time

A
  • Trumpets
  • Shawms (forerunner of oboe)
  • Sackbut (forerunner of trombone)
  • Stringed instruments e.g. lutes
78
Q

What is the most important record of music that survives from Henry VII’s reign?

A

Eton Choirbook (1505)

  • 93 compositions
  • Political figures at time had written compositions (e.g. Browne)
79
Q

When was the printing press brought to England? By who?

A
  • 1476

- William Caxton

80
Q

What was the impact of the printing press upon education?

A
  • More texts available
  • Language more standardised
  • Literacy rates increased
81
Q

What was the main architectural style under Henry VII?

A

Gothic perpendicular style

  • Gothic = pointed arches + large windows
  • Perpendicular = vertical lines used
82
Q

Give an example of architecture built in the gothic perpendicular style under Henry VII

A
  • Local level: Many parish churches

- Larger level: Churches, e.g. approved in 1502 for Lady Chapel (at Westminster Abbey)

History - The Tudors - Henry VII (6 decks)

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