Next Step 2 Psych

Question 1

Piaget’s stages of development

Pre-operational

Answer 1

Children between the age of 2-7 are in the pre-operational stage. At this level children learn to operate symbolically and engage in a lot of symbolic play (a stick is sword, a plastic toy is cake, a doll is a person, etc)

Question 2

Piaget’s stages of development

Operational stage- after the age of 7

Answer 2

Children acquire the ability to mentally manipulate information

Question 3

Piaget’s stages of development

Preoperational stage

Answer 3

Children operate egocentrically and are unlikely to understand the perspective of another child.

Egocentrism, pretend play, language development

Question 4

Piaget’s stages of development

Operational stage 7-11

Answer 4

Deductive logic is the hallmark of the operational age and is reached after 7

Conservation and mathematical transformations are developmental phenomena

Question 5

Piaget’s stages of development sensorimotor

Answer 5

Birth to nearly two

Experiencing the world through their senses

Object permanence, stranger anxiety

Question 6

Piaget’s stages of development

Formal operational

Answer 6

About 12 to adulthood

Abstract reasoning

Abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

Question 7

Reliability and validity

Answer 7

Reliability means consistency and validity means accuracy

Tests maybe reliable but not valid

Question 8

When it comes to social stratification what does the functionalist, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory say?

Answer 8

Functionalist theory: social stratification is necessary and results from the need for those to with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to be part of the most important professions and occupations

asserts that certain aspects of culture are necessary and need-based.

Symbolic interactionism: social stratification affects what people think about themselves and others and influence their daily life, lifestyle choices, and interactions with others

Conflict theory: Social stratification is unnecessary and results from both lack of opportunity and discrimination against the poor and the people of color.

Question 9

Freud’s super ego refers to?

Answer 9

An aspect of the unconscious that emphasizes moral behavior.

Question 10

Festinger advanced the theory of?

Answer 10

Theory of cognitive dissonance that incongruence between beliefs and behaviors guide behavior changes.

Question 11

Cultural relativism in health behaviors means?

Answer 11

That a person’s beliefs and health behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture.

Question 12

What type of cultural norm is most directly involved in health behaviors?

Answer 12

MORES. Standards of behaviors that have consequences if violated and are necessary for the well-being of everyone. If the person does not seek help, they maybe shunned by family members or friends.

Folkways are norms that govern everyday behaviors like holding a door open.

Question 13

Kinship of affinity refers to?

Answer 13

When individuals are related by choice, such as marriage, rather than through blood, such as the other choices.

Question 14

Anomie refers to?

Answer 14

Anomie refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness.

Rapid changes in society, low levels of income, and high heterogeneity are associated with anomie.

Question 15

Negative bias refers to?

Availability heuristic?

Answer 15

When the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon.

When people make judgements overly based on information that is immediately available to them.

Question 16

When playing a well-known piece what area of the brain is mostly used?

Answer 16

The cerebellum, which is involved in muscle memory and coordination. A well known piece will be played from muscle memory primarily.

Question 17

In operant conditioning thinning refers to?

Answer 17

Thinning in operant conditioning refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action.

Question 18

Some findings from Harlow’s experiment were?

Answer 18

In Harlow’s experiment, the infant monkeys preferred spending their time clinging to the cloth mother. Even when only the wire mother could provide food, the monkeys visited her just to eat. Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother/infant relationship than milk and that this “contact comfort” was crucial to the psychological development and health of infants. After monkeys were paired with a Wire Mother, they showed abnormal behavior, which could not be corrected later in life by pairing them with a Cloth Mother.

Question 19

In respect to peer relationships and self-esteem, late physical maturation in pubescents has been found to have which of the following effects?

Answer 19

Females tend to benefit from maturing later, due in part to feeling less self-conscious about body image. In contrast, males tend to feel more self-conscious if they develop later.

Question 20

According to Erickson’s stages the generativity vs. stagnation refers to?

Answer 20

Refers to a basic conflict that occurs during middle adulthood (40-65), when individuals are trying to balance employment and being parents.

Question 21

According to Erickson’s stages the intimacy vs. Isolation stage refers to?

Answer 21

Intimacy vs. isolation occurs during young adulthood (19-40), when individuals need to form intimate relationships with other people.

Question 22

According to Erickson’s stages the ego vs. despair individuals?

Answer 22

During the ego vs. integrity stage there is a basic conflict that emerges when an individual reaches maturity (65 and older) and is reflecting on his or her life.

Question 23

According to Erickson’s stages on the identity vs. role confusion individuals?

Answer 23

Occurs during adolescence (12 to 18 years), when teens are trying to develop social relationships with other and find a sense of self or personal identity.