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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a high concentration to a low one through a partially permeable membrane

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2
Q

Why do plants rely on osmosis?

A

To stay turgid

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3
Q

What is active transport?

A

When a dissolved substance moves against the concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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4
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A

Cell respiration

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5
Q

What does against the concentration gradient mean?

A

From a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution

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6
Q

How are nerve cells specialised?

A

Lots of dendrites to make connections to other nerve cells
Axon to carry impulse from one place to another
Lots of mitochondria to provide energy to make chemicals needed
long to cover longer distances

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7
Q

How are muscle cells specialised?

A

Special proteins make the fibres contract
Many mitochondria to transfer energy needed to contract and relax
Store glycogen which is used by mitochondria

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8
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

Long tail and streamlines head
Many mitochondria
Digestive enzymes to break down egg wall
Large nucleus containing DNA to be passed on

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9
Q

Root hair cell adaptions

A

Large SA for water to move into cell
Large permanent vacuole to speed up osmosis
Many mitochondria to make energy needed for active transport of minerals into roots

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10
Q

How are photosynthetic cells adapted?

A

Contain chlorophyll
Positioned in outer layers of plant
Large permanent vacuole to keep cells and plant rigid

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11
Q

How are xylem cells adapted?

A

Hollow insides to allow water and minerals to move easily

Spirals of lignin in walls makes cells very strong

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12
Q

How are phloem cells adapted?

A

very few subcellular structures so stuff can flow through

Supported by companion cells that transfer mitochondria needed to move food

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13
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from a high concentration to a low one

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14
Q

How do you calculate the magnification of an object?

A

Magnification = size of image/size of real object

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15
Q

What is the rate of diffusion affected by?

A

The difference in concentrations
Temperature
Available surface area

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16
Q

Examples of substances that move by diffusion

A

Glucose
Urea (from liver to blood plasma)
Oxygen (from lungs to RBCs)

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17
Q

What is a dilute solution?

A

High concentration of water

Low concentration of solute

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18
Q

What is a concentrated solution?

A

Low concentration of water

High concentration of solute

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19
Q

What does isotonic mean?

A

Concentration of solute so in solution outside of cell is same as inside

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20
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Concentration of solutes in solution is higher than inside cell

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21
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Concentration of solutes in solution outside cell is lower than inside

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22
Q

Problems with osmosis

A

If solution outside cell is much more dilute, then water will move into cell by osmosis so will burst

If the solution outside cell is much more concentrated, then water will move out of cell and cell will shrivel up and die

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23
Q

Why do plants want the solution around cells do be hypertonic?

A

Water will keep moving by osmosis into the cell

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24
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

When the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink and the cell membrane moves away from cell wall because of lack of water

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25
Q

What do cells involved in active transport have lots of?

A

Mitochondria to get maximum energy

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26
Q

Why is active transport so important?

A

Mineral ions in the soil are found in low concentrations so by using active transport, the plants can absorb these minerals

Sugar

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27
Q

What is key about single called organism when it comes to diffusion, active transport and osmosis?

A

Relatively high surface area to volume ratio

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28
Q

Adaptions for exchanging materials

A

Large SA to volume ratio
Thin membrane - short diffusion path
Efficient blood supply
Ventilation

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29
Q

How is the human body adapted for exchange?

A

Alveoli increase SA

30
Q

How are fish adapted for exchange?

A

Gills increase SA

31
Q

How are plants adapted for gas exchange?

A

Flat and thin leaves

Air spaces and stomata make a big SA

32
Q

equation for magnification

A

size of image / size of real object

33
Q

what is 1 nanometre?(nm)

A

1 x 10-9 metres

34
Q

what is a micrometre? (up)

A

1000 nanometres

35
Q

what is the resolving power of a microscope?

A

how much detail it can show

36
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains activities of the cell

37
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

where chemical reactions take place

38
Q

function of cell membrane

A

controls movement of substances in and out

39
Q

function of mitochondria

A

create energy

40
Q

function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

41
Q

which organelles are common to both animal and plant cells

A 
nucleus
membrane
mitochondria
ribosome
cytoplasm
42
Q

function of cell wall

A

strengthens and supports cell

43
Q

what is the cell wall made from

A

cellulose

44
Q

function of chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis

45
Q

function of vacuole

A

fills with water to keep cell turgid

46
Q

what is an eukaryotic cell?

A

contains a nucleus with DNA

47
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

single-celled - no nucleus

genetic material in loop or plasmids

48
Q

organelles exclusive to bacteria cells

A

flagella, plasmids and slime capsule

49
Q

function of flagella

A

move cell

50
Q

function of slime capsule

A

protect cell

51
Q

what characteristics should a good exchange surface hav?

A

large SA
thin walls
good blood supply
well ventilated

52
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of cells working together to perform a specific function

53
Q

what does muscular tissue do?

A

contracts to churn contents of stomach

54
Q

what does glandular tissue do?

A

produces hormones

55
Q

what does epithelial tissue do?

A

covers inside and outside of all orgns

56
Q

why might you add stain to a microscope slide

A

to highlight certain objects by adding colour

57
Q

what is the purpose of active transport in the gut?

A

when there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the blood than gut

58
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

huge SA
thin
good blood supply

59
Q

how is the small intestine adapted for gas exchange?

A

villi - increase SA
good blood supply
thin walls

60
Q

how are leaves adapted for gas exchange?

A

the stomata let CO2 in and H2O and O2 out
size of stomata can be controlled by guard cells
air spaces in leaf increase SA
flat shape increases SA

61
Q

how are fish (gills) adapted for gas exchange?

A

gill filaments increase SA
short diffusion pathway
good blood supply
always more O2 in water than blood so steep concentration gradient means it is more effective

62
Q

advantage of light microscope

A

relatively cheap

63
Q

advantage of electron microscope

A

much higher resolving power

64
Q

how big is the average animal cell?

A

10 - 30 micrometres

65
Q

how big is the average plant cell?

A

10 - 100 micrometres

66
Q

why can diffusion take place without respiration

A

doesn’t need energy supply

67
Q

what is the name for the apparatus which is a stick with a hoop on

A

innoculating loop

68
Q

what are the drugs called that people with malaria are given

A

antiretrovirals

69
Q

How do plants grow?

A

Photosynthesis
Creates glucose
This is used in respiration
To produce energy

70
Q

Why are stem cells from embryos so good?

A

They are versatile and can differentiate to most cell types

71
Q

What are flagella made from?

A

They are strings of protein

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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