Chapter 6 👑

Question 1

What happens when you have a vaccination?

Answer 1

A small amount of dead/inactive disease is injected

White blood cells produce antibodies quickly

Memory cells know how to make them quickly

Immune to future injections by that pathogen

Question 2

What is herd immunity?

Answer 2

When such a large percentage of the population is immune the disease is practically wiped out

Question 3

What do antiseptics do?

Answer 3

Kill microorganisms in environment

Question 4

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 4

Kill bacteria in body

Question 5

What do antibodies do?

Answer 5

Produced by WBCS to destroy pathogens

Question 6

what is an antigen?`

Answer 6

what the antibodies bind to to destroy the pathogen

Question 7

what can’t you use medication against?

Answer 7

viruses

Question 8

how do antibiotics work?

Answer 8

they kill or damage the bacteria cells without hurting the body’s own cells

Question 9

why don’t antibiotics work against viruses?

Answer 9

the viruses take over the existing body cells so you can kill them without damaging the body’s own cells

Question 10

how was penicillin discovered

Answer 10

Fleming saw that something had killed the mould developing on his culture plates, which was later found to be penicillin

Question 11

what are new drugs tested for? (3)

Answer 11

toxicity, efficacy, dosage

Question 12

what is the first stage of testing and what does it involve?

Answer 12

pre-clinical trials, tested on cells, tissues and animals

Question 13

what is the second stage of testing and what does it involve?

Answer 13

clinical trials, tested in small doses on healthy volunteers

Question 14

what is a double blind trial

Answer 14

neither the patients or doctors know who has the drug and who has the placebo

Question 15

what is a placebo?

Answer 15

a dummy drug used to test the effect of the real one

Question 16

what is a hybridoma?

Answer 16

a combination of lymphocytes and tumour cells

Question 17

what is a monoclonal antibody?

Answer 17

proteins cloned from the same hybridoma to target a certain type of cell

Question 18

what is a lymphocyte?

Answer 18

a cell that produces antibodies but cant divide

Question 19

what is a tumour cell?

Answer 19

something that can divide but cant make antibodies

Question 20

where are monoclonal antibodies used at the minute?

Answer 20

pregnancy tests, to diagnose diseases, treating diseases, research and measuring and monitoring

Question 21

what is the magic bullet theory for cancer treatment?

Answer 21

Monoclonal antibodies will bind to the specific antigens found on cancer cells. so by attaching a drug to them, they act like a bullet and target specifically the cancer cells

Question 22

what are the three ways in which monoclonal antibodies kill cancer cells?

Answer 22

block receptors so tumour stops growing
the magic bullet theory with drugs
they trigger the immune system to target the cancer cells

Question 23

advantages of monoclonal antibodies (3)

Answer 23

bind directly to desired pathogen
healthy cells not affected
can be used to treat a wide range of conditions

Question 24

disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies (3)

Answer 24

progress is slow, expensive and difficult
the mouse antibodies triggered an immune response
there is the danger of the tumour cell rapidly growing to make cancer

Question 25

how do bacteria make you feel ill?

Answer 25

they make toxins which damage cells and tissues

Question 26

how do viruses work?

Answer 26

they replicate themselves inside the body and live inside your cells, when the cell bursts the new virus pathogens are released

Question 27

what is a protist and how does it work?

Answer 27

a disease carrying organism which attaches itself to a vector to distribute the disease

Question 28

how are pathogens spread? (3)

Answer 28

water (eg cholera)
air (eg the flu)
direct contact (eg athletes foot)

Question 29

Pros of vaccination 2

Answer 29

Eradicates certain diseases (eg smallpox)

Epidemics can be prevented

Question 30

Cons of vaccines 2

Answer 30

Bad reaction

Don’t always work

Question 31

Difference between paracetamol and penicillin

Answer 31

Paracetamol cures symptoms but antibiotics kill bacteria

Question 32

Why are medicines first tested on healthy volunteers

Answer 32

To make sure they don’t have any harmful side effects when the body is healthy

Question 33

Why are the results from drug trials assessed by peer review

Answer 33

To prevent false claims

Question 34

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

Answer 34

In pregnant women, HCG is produced
It binds to antibodies on the wee bit of the stick
HCG moves up the stick and carries antibodies and blue dye
It gets stuck to the test strip and turns it blue

Question 35

How are monoclonal antibodies used to deliver drugs

Answer 35

They carry it straight to the tumour and deposit it there

Question 36

How are monoclonal antibody used to stop rumours growing

Answer 36

They bind to the receptor site so the growth stimulating molecule can’t bind to cell