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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of variation?

A

environmental and genetic

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2
Q

what cause genetic variation?

A

the fusion of two sets of DNA - one from mother, one from father

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3
Q

examples of characteristics influenced only by genes (3)

A

eye colour
inherited diseases
blood group

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4
Q

what causes environmental variation?

A

the conditions and environment an organism lives and grows in

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5
Q

definition of environmental variation

A

differences between organisms of the same species due to differences in their surroundings

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6
Q

definition of genetic variation

A

the combination of two sets of DNA leading to different characteristics in the offspring

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7
Q

examples of characteristics caused by environmental variation 3

A

suntan
education
height of plants

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8
Q

what are most characteristics caused by?

A

both environmental and genetic variation

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9
Q

what is natural selection?

A

the organisms with the most suitable characteristics for an environment survive and pass on these successful alleles

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10
Q

what is a mutation?

A

a change in the genetic code

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11
Q

what does evolution through natural selection suggest?

A

only the most well adapted to an environment will survive and pass on their alleles, leading to changes in the characteristics of organisms

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12
Q

4 key steps in natural selection

A

mutation of gene - advantage of survival - breed - pass on genes

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13
Q

what will a mutation very rarely lead to?

A

a new phenotype

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14
Q

theory of evolution

A

all of today’s species have evolved from simple life forms that started to develop billions of years ago

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15
Q

example of mutation in action

A

the Malpeque Bay oysters
came down with a disease that killed many of them but a few had a mutation of a disease resistant gene so went on to breed all oysters with this gene

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16
Q

what is the phenotype caused by?

A

genes

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17
Q

what is speciation?

A

development of a new species

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18
Q

how does speciation occur?

A

the phenotype of an organism changes so much that a completely new species is formed

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19
Q

what is extinction?

A

no individuals of a species remain

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20
Q

3 reasons for extinction

A

new predator
new disease
catastrophic event

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21
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

breeding two specific parents to produce offspring with a desired characteristic

22
Q

examples where selective breeding is used 3

A

cows producing more milk
crops with disease resistance
pets with good temperament

23
Q

basic process of selective breeding

A

select parents with desired characteristic
breed them together
select the offspring with the best characteristic and breed these
continue until all offspring have trait

24
Q

problems with selective breeding 2

A

inbreeding causing health problems

new diseases/changes in environment - no variation to adapt

25
Q

what is inbreeding?

A

when two animals that are closely related are bred

26
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

altering the genetic material of an organism by transferring a gene so it has a desired characteristic

27
Q

what is used to cut out a gene in genetic engineering?

A

an enzyme

28
Q

what is the removed gene inserted into?

A

a vector

29
Q

what does the vector do in genetic engineering?

A

it is used to insert the gene into the organism

30
Q

process of genetic engineering?

A

the gene is isolated and cut out from one organism
it is inserted into a vector
the vector inserts the gene into the desired cells
the organism grows with the characteristic

31
Q

examples of vectors used in genetic engineering 2

A

bacteria

viruses

32
Q

examples of where genetic engineering has been used 3

A

bacteria making insulin
GM crops for a higher yield
gene therapy

33
Q

what is gene therapy?

A

swapping faulty genes in ill people with working ones to cure the disease

34
Q

why are crops genetically modified? 2

A

they have increased yields

frost and pest resistant

35
Q

main advantage to increased crop yields

A

can feed growing global population

36
Q

advantages to GM crops 3

A

increased yield
more nutrients
can grow in difficult climates

37
Q

problems with GM crops 3

A

can affect natural wildflowers
we don’t fully understand impact on human health
transplanted genes may mix into environment to form herbicide resistant weeds

38
Q

what is a clone?

A

something that is genetically identical to its parents

39
Q

main way of cloning plants

A

tissue culture

40
Q

process of cloning by tissue culture

A

a small group of plant cells are put in a growth medium and grow into clones of their parents

41
Q

advantages to tissue culture 3

A

made quickly
grown all year round
preserve rare plants

42
Q

alternative way of cloning plants

A

cuttings

43
Q

process of cloning by cuttings

A

cuttings are taken from parent plant and grown to make many clones

44
Q

main way of cloning animals

A

embryo transplants

45
Q

process of embryo transplants

A

sperm cells taken from prize bull
egg cells taken from cow
the two are combined to form an embryo
these cells are unspecialised so any can become a whole cow
the embryo is split apart and the cells transplanted into surrogate mothers

46
Q

what is adult cell cloning?

A

when a whole new animal is produced from one cell if an adult animal

47
Q

process of adult cell cloning

A

taking unfertilised egg cell and remove nucleus
another nucleus is taken from an adult body cell
the nucleus is inserted into the empty egg cell
the egg cell is stimulated to divide
this creates an embryo which is then implanted into an adult female to grow

48
Q

most famous example of adult cell cloning

A

Dolly the sheep

49
Q

benefits of adult cell cloning 3

A

animals that are already producing useful proteins in their milk can be cloned
save animals from extinction
bring back extinct species

50
Q

problems of adult cell cloning 3

A

reduced variety in a population - unable to adapt to change
loss of embryo life
‘designer babies’

51
Q

benefits of genetic modification in medicine 3

A

potential to cure inherited diseases
insulin and growth hormones can be made from bacteria or fungi
genetically modified mice used to develop cures

52
Q

benefits of genetic modification in agriculture 3

A

crops can grow in difficult climates
increased yield
pest or frost resistance

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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