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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

the regulation of internal conditions for cells in response to internal and external changes to maintain the best functioning environment

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2
Q

why are enzymes so important?

A

they control the functioning of the cell

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3
Q

examples of the internal conditions controlled by homeostasis (3)

A

blood glucose levels
temperature
water content of the body

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4
Q

examples of internal changes (3)

A

when you get hotter after exercise
when your blood glucose level goes up after eating
when you lose water in hot weather

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5
Q

what are receptors?

A

cells that detect changes in internal or external environment

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6
Q

what are coordination centres and what do they do?

A

areas that receive and process information from the receptors. they send out signals to other parts of the body to react

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7
Q

what is an effector?

A

something that reacts to the changes to restore optimum conditions

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8
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

sends electrical impulses around the body so you can react to your surroundings

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9
Q

how are electrical signals transported?

A

neurones

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10
Q

pathway that an impulse takes

A 
receptor
sensory neurone
relay neurone
motor neurone 
effector
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11
Q

difference between neurone and nerve

A

a nerve is a group of neurones

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12
Q

what is the CNS and what does it involve?

A

the central nervous system, made of brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

what is a reflex?

A

an automatic response

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14
Q

examples of a reflex (2)

A

touching something hot and moving away

something coming at your face and moving

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15
Q

why are reflexes so important?

A

help keep us safe, they happen so fast

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16
Q

what are the three neurones involved in a reflex arc?

A

sensory neurone
motor neurone
relay neurone

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17
Q

what do sensory neurones do?

A

carry impulses from organs to CNS

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18
Q

what do relay neurones do

A

connect sensory neurone and motor neurone, found in CNS

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19
Q

what do motor neurones do

A

carry information from CNS to body

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20
Q

describe a reflex arc

A

the impulse travels from receptor to sensory neurone to relay neurone in CNS to motor neurone and back to effector

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21
Q

what is important to remember about reflex arc?

A

doesn’t need brain’s input

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22
Q

what is a synapse?

A

something connecting the neurones which the impulse must travel across

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23
Q

what happens at the synapse?

A

the electrical impulse can’t cross so releases a chemical that can and this starts a new electrical impulse at the next neurone

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24
Q

why is it important reflexes don’t go to conscious area of brain?

A

would take too long to process

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25
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do?

A

consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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26
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

muscle activity and balance

27
Q

what does the medulla do

A

unconscious activities like breathing, heart rate and gut movement

28
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates temperature

29
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

secretes hormones for other purposes

30
Q

how can scientists find out about the brain? (3)

A

studying people with brain damage
electrical stimulation
MRI scans

31
Q

how does studying people with brain damage help scientists learn about the brain?

A

they can match changes in behaviour with affected areas of the brain

32
Q

what is the importance of the brain?

A

controls everything
processes information
sends out necessary signals for response

33
Q

how can electrically stimulating the brain help scientists?

A

they can see what effect stimulating different areas has

34
Q

how can MRI scans help scientists?

A

it shows what area of the brain is effected by a certain problem, e.g. a tumour so they can see what effect this has on the body, for example if a person can’t walk

35
Q

problems with the brain

A

very easily damaged and destroyed
easy to cause unintended damage in surgery
difficult to treat conditions, can’t reach with drugs

36
Q

function of sclera

A

tough so eye is not easily damaged

37
Q

function of cornea

A

lets light into eye

38
Q

function of iris

A

controls size of pupil

39
Q

function of suspensory ligaments and ciliary

A

changes shape of lens

40
Q

function of lens

A

focusses light rays on retina

41
Q

function of retina

A

sends impulses to brain along optic nerve

42
Q

how is light focusses on retina?

A

refraction

43
Q

what is accommodation?

A

changing the shape of the lens so you can see clearly

44
Q

what are the light rays form a near object like?

A

very spread out

45
Q

what are the light rays from a distant object like?

A

flat, almost parallel

46
Q

how does your eye change to see distant objects?

A

ciliary muscles relax
suspensory ligaments puled tight
lens flat and thin
small refraction

47
Q

how does you eye change to see near objects?

A

ciliary muscles pulled tight
suspensory ligaments relax
lens fat and thick
large refraction

48
Q

what is myopia?

A

short sightedness

49
Q

what is hyperopia?

A

long sightedness

50
Q

what is short sightedness?

A

when near objects are clear but distant ones are blurry

51
Q

what is hyperopia?

A

distant objects are clear but near ones are blurry

52
Q

why does myopia happen?

A

the light rays are focusses infant of the retina so the image there is blurry

53
Q

how to correct myopia

A

concave lens; spreads out light rays so lens can focus them correctly onto retina

54
Q

why does hyperopia happen?

A

light is focussed behind retina?

55
Q

how to correct hyperopia

A

convex lens; brings light rays closer together so lens perfectly focuses on retina

56
Q

how is laser eye surgery used to correct myopia?

A

makes lens thinner so refraction is weaker

57
Q

how can laser eye surgery correct hyperopia?

A

changes shape of lens so refraction is stronger

58
Q

what is ADH and what does it do?

A

hormone

released from brain to tell kidneys how much water to retain

59
Q

where is ADH released from

A

pituitary gland

60
Q

where is insulin produed?

A

pancreas

61
Q

where is insulin stored?

A

liver

62
Q

what part of the eye controls how much light gets through?

A

iris

63
Q

what are the chemicals used to cross the synapse?

A

neurotransmitters

64
Q

what happens when adrenaline is released?

A

stimulates (increased glucose, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate)
for increased respiration
for more energy to run

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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