6.1-6.2 Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

1.body support
2.organ protection
3. Body movement
4. Mineral storage (Ca and P)
5. Blood cell production

Question 2

Connective tissue is characterized by having widely distributed cells separated by nonliving material known as

Answer 2

Matrix

Question 3

Types of connective tissues

Answer 3

Cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and bones

Question 4

The fibrous protein ________ provides flexibility but resist pulling or compression. This makes it well-adapted for the attachment functions of tendons. And ligaments as well as the shock absorption of cartilage.

Answer 4

Collagen

Question 5

The matrix ______ _______ consists of of a molecule called __________.

Answer 5

Ground substance, proteoglycans

Question 6

What are water trapping proteins that help cartilage be smooth and resilient?

Answer 6

Proteoglycans

Question 7

Bone matrix is usually______% organic and ______% inorganic material.

Answer 7

35,65

Question 8

The organic material is usually ______ and ______.

Answer 8

Collagen, proteoglycans

Question 9

The inorganic material consists of primarily a calcium phosphate crystal called

Answer 9

Hydroxyapatite

Question 10

________ _______ lend flexible strength to the matrix, giving the matrix weight- bearing strength.

Answer 10

Collagen fibers

Question 11

If mineral in a long bone is reduced ______ becomes the primary constituent and the bone is very ______.

Answer 11

Collagen, flexible

Question 12

If the amount of ______ is reduced in the bone, the mineral component becomes the primary constituent and the bone is very ______.

Answer 12

Collagen, brittle

Question 13

rare disorder caused by faulty genes that results in too little collagen formation, or poor quality collagen.

as a result, the bone matrix has decreased flexibility and is more easily broken than normal bone

Answer 13

Brittle bone disease / osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 14

Three different types of bone cells

Answer 14

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Question 15

Bone building cells

Answer 15

Osteoblasts

Question 16

These cells have an extensive endemic reticulum and numerous ribosomes. They produce collagen and proteoglycans.

Answer 16

Osteoblasts

Question 17

Bone cell that secretes high concentrations of Ca 2+ and phosphate ions, forming crystals called hydroxyapatite.

Answer 17

Osteoblasts

Question 18

The _______ _______ act as templates that stimulate further hydroxyapatite formation and mineralization of the matrix.

Answer 18

hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 19

Formation of new bone cells by osteoblasts is called

Answer 19

Ossification or osteogenesis

Question 20

What occurs by appositional growth on the surface of previously existing material, either bone or cartilage?

Answer 20

Ossification

Question 21

strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that holds bones together

Answer 21

ligaments

Question 22

osteoblasts become ______ once the osteoblasts have secreted sufficient bone matrix

Answer 22

osteocytes

Question 23

what accounts for 90-95 percent of bone cells and are very long-lived, with a life span of up to 25 years.

Answer 23

osteocytes

Question 24

osteocyte cell bodies are housed within the bone matrix in spaces called

Answer 24

lacunae

Question 25

osteocyte cell extensions are housed in narrow long spaces called

Answer 25

canaliculi

Question 26

bone destroying cells that break down bones

Answer 26

osteoclasts

Question 27

breakdown of bone is called

Answer 27

reabsorption

Question 28

massive, multinucleated cells that develop from red bone marrow cells and also differentiate into specialized white blood cells

Answer 28

osteoclasts

Question 29

multi step process of bone reabsorption carried out by mature osteoclasts

Answer 29

1. first, the osteoclasts must access the bone matrix 2. osteoclasts contact the bone surface, they form attachment structures 3. theses create a sealed compartment under the osteoclast 4. next, the osteoclasts develop a ruffle border

Question 30

a specialized reabsorption-specific area of the membrane

Answer 30

ruffle border

Question 31

mature bone is called

Answer 31

lamellar bone

Question 32

lamellar bone is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers called

Answer 32

lamellae

Question 33

osteoclasts create an ____ environment within the sealed compartment , which causes the breakdown of the bone matrix

Answer 33

acidic

Question 34

osteocytes, within their lacunae, are arranged in layers sandwiched between

Answer 34

lamellae

Question 35

spongy bone has ____ bone matrix and _____ space than compact bone

Answer 35

less , more

Question 36

what consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae

Answer 36

spongy bone

Question 37

interconnecting rods or plates of bone

Answer 37

trabeculae

Question 38

aka cortical bone, is the solid, outer layer surrounding each bone.

Answer 38

compact bone

Question 39

compact bone has ____ matrix and is denser with ____ pores than spongy bone

Answer 39

more, fewer

Question 40

the functional unit of compact one is an

Answer 40

osteon

Question 41

composed of concentric rings of matrix, which surround a central tunnel and contains osteocytes

Answer 41

osteon

Question 42

in cross section, an osteon resembles a circular target; the bull's eye the target is the

Answer 42

central canal