6.8-6.11 calcium homeostasis

Question 1

in addition to regulating blood Ca 2+ levels, interactions between ____, ____, and _____-regulating hormones also contribute to bone growth, remodeling, and repair

Answer 1

osteoclasts, osteoblasts, Ca2+

Question 2

The _____ ____ is secret by cells in the parathyroid gland and is essential for the maintenance of blood _____ levels

Answer 2

parathyroid hormone, Ca2+

Question 3

The key single for PTH secretion is a ____ in blood Ca 2+ levels

Answer 3

reduction

Question 4

PTH works thru 2 general mechanisms

Answer 4

1. direct effects on bone cells and in the kidney
2. indirect effect so the small intestine

Question 5

What is secreted from C cells in the thyroid gland when Ca2+ levels are too high

Answer 5

Calcitonin

Question 6

rapidly lowers blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity

Answer 6

calcitonin

Question 7

how many bones does the average adult have

Answer 7

206

Question 8

axial skeleton

Answer 8

bones of the skull auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column and the thoracic cage

Question 9

appendicular skeleton

Answer 9

bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, and the two girdles

Question 10

the term that refers to the two zones where the libs are attached to the body

Answer 10

girdle

Question 11

the two girdles

Answer 11

pectoral, pelvic

Question 12

A _____ exists in a bone because some structure, such as a nerve or a blood vessel, passes thru the bone at some point

Answer 12

foramen

Question 13

if the hole in a bone is elongated into a tunnel-like passage thru the bone

Answer 13

canal/meatus

Question 14

a depression in a bone

Answer 14

fossa

Question 15

a rounded projection on a bone, sites of muscle attachment on the bone

Answer 15

tubercle/tuberosity

Question 16

a sharp projection from a bone, sites of muscle attachment on the bone

Answer 16

process

Question 17

smooth rounded end of a bone, it forms a joint with another bone

Answer 17

condyle

Question 18

bones become thinner and weaker as normal part of aging, osteoblast activity slows, osteoclast activity remains constant

Answer 18

osteopenia

Question 19

loss of bone mass that impairs normal function and can lead to more fractures, causes increased bone fractures and decreased ability to repair

Answer 19

osteoporosis

Question 20

foramen

Answer 20

large hole

Question 21

condyle

Answer 21

smooth, rounded end

Question 22

fossa

Answer 22

depression

Question 23

process

Answer 23

projection

Question 24

condyle

Answer 24

smooth, rounded end

Question 25

meatus

Answer 25

canal-like passageway

Question 26

tubercle

Answer 26

lump of bone

Question 27

forms longitudinal axis of body

Answer 27

axial skeleton

Question 28

creates framework for support and projection of the brain, spinal cord, and organs in the ventral body cavity

Answer 28

axial skeleton

Question 29

move the head, neck, and trunk, perform respiration, stabilize elements of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 29

axial skeleton

Question 30

bones are joined by ____, interlocking immovable joints

Answer 30

sutures

Question 31

only the ____ is attached by a freely moveable joint

Answer 31

mandible

Question 32

the skull is made of 8 large ____ bones

Answer 32

flat

Question 33

foramen magnum

Answer 33

opening where spinal cord meets the brain

Question 34

forms eye orbits and floor of cranial activity

Answer 34

sphenoid

Question 35

forms roof of nasal cavity and medial area of eye orbits

Answer 35

ethmoid

Question 36

immovable joint between skull bones

Answer 36

sutures

Question 37

four sutures

Answer 37

coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous

Question 38

cavities that light the skull

Answer 38

paranasal sinuses

Question 39

soft spot in fetal skull where bones are growing toward each other

Answer 39

fontanels

Question 40

four sinuses

Answer 40

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, maxillary

Question 41

the only bone that does not articulate with another , moveable base for the tongue

Answer 41

hyoid bone

Question 42

the vertebral column has 24 vertebrae separated by ______ ______ made of fibrocartilage. it has a fused sacrum a d coccyx

Answer 42

intervertebral discs

Question 43

each vertebrae is named by its

Answer 43

location

Question 44

four curves of the vertebral column from superior to inferior

Answer 44

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 45

number of vertebrae in each of the four sections

Answer 45

cervical - 7 thoracic- 12 lumbar- 5 sacral - 5

Question 46

c1 ____ holds up and articulates with the head, nodding yes movement

Answer 46

atlas

Question 47

c2 ___ has a projection up towards the atlas called dens

Answer 47

axis

Question 48

openings that let vertebral arteries pass through to the brain

Answer 48

foramina

Question 49

smiling Sid the sloth

Answer 49

cervical vertebrae

Question 50

small giraffe

Answer 50

thoracic vertebrae

Question 51

big giraffe, largest and strongest vertebrae, bears body weight

Answer 51

lumbar vertebrae

Question 52

five fused vertebrae and forms the posterior walls of pelvis

Answer 52

sacrum

Question 53

3-5 fused vertebrae is aka the tailbone

Answer 53

coccyx

Question 54

3 holes, narrower cervical vertebrae

Answer 54

atlas

Question 55

1 hole, wider cervical vertebrae

Answer 55

axis

Question 56

thoracic cage is made of

Answer 56

the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

Question 57

seven pairs of _____ ribs called vertebrosternal ribs

Answer 57

true

Question 58

five pairs of ____ ribs are vertebrochondral ribs

Answer 58

false

Question 59

last two pair are _____ ribs or vertebral ribs

Answer 59

floating

Question 60

lies medial to breast and is aka the breastbone

Answer 60

sternum

Question 61

superior to inferior, 3 parts of sternum

Answer 61

manubrium, long body, xiphoid process

Question 62

the _____ ______ connects the upper limbs to the trunk and includes the ____ and the _____

Answer 62

pectoral girdle, clavicle, scapula

Question 63

allows for impact to bone to be distributed across the area and limits the risk of fractures

Answer 63

interosseous membrane

Question 64

articulates with the femur bone and includes two large hip bones( coxal bones) , the sacrum, and the coccyx

Answer 64

pelvic girdle

Question 65

each hip is a fusion of three bones

Answer 65

allium, ischium, and pubis

Question 66

the largest bone in the ankle/foot is the

Answer 66

calcaneus (heel bone)

Question 67

joints classified by structure and type of connective tissue which binds joints, 3

Answer 67

fibrous , cartilaginous, and synovial

Question 68

joints classified by functional mobility and degree of motion, 3

Answer 68

synarthrosis, immovable amphiarthrosis, slightly moveable and diarthrosis freely moveable

Question 69

3 synarthroses joints

Answer 69

suture( connects skull) gomphosis (binds teeth) synchondrosis (between ribs and sternum)

Question 70

no movement at joint area

Answer 70

synarthroses joints

Question 71

slight movement at joint area

Answer 71

amphiarthroses

Question 72

two types of amphiarthroses joints

Answer 72

syndesmosis and symphysis

Question 73

synovial joints with a wide range of motion

Answer 73

dairthroses

Question 74

ends of bones covered with

Answer 74

articular cartilages

Question 75

joint is surrounded with a fibrous

Answer 75

joint capsule

Question 76

what reduces friction in the joint

Answer 76

synovial fluid

Question 77

additional padding in some synovial joints

Answer 77

fat pads, ligaments, bursae

Question 78

also act as cushions

Answer 78

fat pads

Question 79

join bone to bone

Answer 79

ligaments

Question 80

pockets of connective tissue containing synovial fluid found outside of the joint capsule

Answer 80

bursae