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Nervous System lecture pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Receiving sensory input- monitoring internal and external environments
  2. Integrating information- brain and spinal cord
  3. Controlling muscles and glands- coordination of involuntary and voluntary responses, skeletal muscles interact when stimulated by nervous system
  4. Maintaining homeostasis
  5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity
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2
Q

We can consider the nervous system as a __________ system, receiving ______ form sending commands to different areas of the body.

A

communication, signals

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3
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain, spinal cord
sensory processing, motor transmission
higher functions - intelligence, memory, emotion

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

everything coming out of the spinal cord, everything outside of the CNS
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
enteric plexuses in small intestine
-sensory receptors in skin

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5
Q

PNS divisions

A

somatic- skin and cells
automatic- involuntary, move things thru digestive system
enteric- digestive systems

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6
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

Transmits action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

transmits action potentials from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
AUTOMATIC
two subdivisions: Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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8
Q

Sensory Division

A

action potations thru sensory receptors into CNS

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9
Q

Motor Division

A

Conducts action potentials to effector organs, such as muscles and glands

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10
Q

two function divisions of nervous system

A

sensory, motor

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11
Q

Enteric Nervous system

A

Nervous system found only in digestive tract

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12
Q

Neural Tissue- tow different types of cells

A

neurons and glial cells

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13
Q

Neurons

A

receive stimuli, conduits action potentials, transmits signals to other neurons or effector organs

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14
Q

Glial cells

A

no action potentials, supportive and HELPER cells of the CNS and PNS, enhances and supposes neuron function, maintain normal condition within nervous tissues

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15
Q

Action Potential

A

is a brief electrical impulse that travels along the membrane of a neuron or muscle cell.

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16
Q

Neurons

A

specialized for nerve impulse conduct can communicate with one another and other cells

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17
Q

Basic structure of neurons

A

cell body- one nucleus
dendrites- extensions off of cell body, tree branches, gathers incoming info into cell body, receives signals from the other neurons and transmits info into the cell body
Axon- carries signals to the CNS or next cell, muscle fiver, or glands
Myelin sheath, speeds transfer of nerve impulses
Axon terminal- where we find our synapse , bulb-shaped endings

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18
Q

Nissl bodies

A

formed by Free ribosome’s and RER and gives the tissue a gray color (gray matter)

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19
Q

Axon hillock

A

area where electrical signals begins

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20
Q

nucleolus

A

creates ribosome components

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21
Q

CNS Repair- Neuron Regeneration

A

typical CNS neurons cannot divide, but some neural stem cells are retained in the brain and can divide. Neural stem cells are typically inactive

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22
Q

Most neurons lack

A

centrioles

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23
Q

a 2016 study showed damaged PNS axons can be repaired by

A

Schwann cells, triggering formant genes in the nerve (peripheral nervous system)

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24
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

most common in the CNS and motor neurons, have many dendrites and a single axon

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25
Pseudo-Unipolar neurons
have the cell body off to one side, most abundant in the afferent division, connecting PNS to CNN
26
Bipolar neurons
have one dendrite and one axon with the cell body in the middle, and are found in sense organ
27
Afferent neurons aka
sensory neurons
28
sensory neurons
carry info to the CNS, 10 million plus in average body, receives info from two types of sensory receptors
29
two types of sensory receptors
somatic sensory receptors and visceral (internal) receptors
30
two types of somatic sensory receptors
external receptors and proprioceptors
31
external receptors
monitors external environment
32
proprioceptors
monitor position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
33
visceral(internal ) receptors
monitor the internal organs, provided sensations of distention, deep pressure, and pain
34
Interneurons aka
association neurons
35
association neurons
most numerous type in the average body- 20 million -located in the CNS -function as links between sensory and motor processes -have higher function like memory, planning, and learning
36
Efferent neurons aka
motor neurons
37
4 types of Glial cells in the CNS
astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia Ependymal cells
38
two types of Glial cells in the PNS
satellite cells and Schwann cells
39
astrocytes
found in blood vessels of the brain, help open and close blood vessel, maintaining blood brain barrier, available around synapses
40
oligodendrocytes
produce myelin sheaths for CNS
41
microglia
phagocytic cells, active immune response to bacteria/cell debris
42
ependymal cells
only found in brain, secrete cerebrospinal fluid
43
Astrocytes
large, numerous neuralgia in the CNS 1. maintains blood-brain barrier by expanding and contracting blood vessels, which regulates blood flow. 2. control synapse function 3. communicates with many neurons 4. sends signal waves (calcium spikes) to other parts of the brain
43
sheaths are formed by _____ _____ in the PNS
Schwann cells
44
Myelin Sheath
insulating membranous wrappings around the axons of some neurons
45
myelinated
neurons wrapped with this myelin sheath
46
sheaths are formed by ___ in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
47
nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath
48
ion movement
can only occur at the nodes of Raniver directs the action potential to move along the axon at specific intervals
49
multiple sclerosis
a disease of the myelin sheath that causes loss of muscle function, oligodendrocytes in the CNS disappear
50
ALS
oligondendrocytes in the CNS disappear
51
microglial cells
smallest and least numerous, defenders, main form of active immune defense in the CNS , protective function such as engulfing pathogens and cellular waste, act as phagocytic cells, derived from white blood cells
52
ependymal cells aids in
producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) around the CNS
53
54
satellite cells
similar to astrocytes
55
Schwann cells
produce myelin sheaths around axons for PNS
56
white matter is composed primarily of
myelinated axons
57
gray matter
containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells
58
in the _____ ______ , ____ forms an H-shaped inner core that is surrounded by white matter
spinal chord, gray
59
white matter transmits info ___
faster, less consciously aware
60
grey matter transmits info
slower, more consciously aware
61
in the ____, a thin, outer layer of ____ matter covers the cerebrum and cerebellum
brain, gray
62
ependymal cells
type of endothelial cell that lines the fluid-filled central canal and spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain
63
tracts
bundles of myelinated axons, in spinal cord and form larger groups called columns
64
pathways
link centers of brain with rest of body , sensory pathways ascend and carry info to CNS Motor pathways descend, carry info away from CNS
65
ganglia
where collections of neurons cell bodies (gray matter) are located, outside of spinal cord
66
nerves
bundles of axons , both desdonry and motor components , contains myeline sheath (white matter)
67
two categories of nerves
31 spinal nerves- connected to the spinal cord 12 cranial nerves- connected to the brain
68
membrane potentials
focus on the protein channels that go thru cell membrane, gated (specific chemical to open) and leak protein channels.
69
gated channels are generally _____ but can be opened due to ____ or specific chemicals ____
closed, voltage ligands
70
leak channels are always
opened, potassium ions
71
ligands
specific chemicals
72
leak channels
always open, resting membrane has a greater permeability to K+ than Na+ , K+ is the greatest contribution to the resting membrane potential
73
gated channels
alway closes unless opened by ligands or specific signals or neurotransmitters, voltage-gated channels are opened when ions move, responsible for action potential
74
resting potential
always negative
75
nerve impulses
neurons communicate with one another by means of nerve action potentials
76
resting potential for muscles
-70
77
nervous resting potential
-90 to -40
78
generating of action potentials depends on the existence of a ____ ____ _____ and the presence of voltage-gated channels for Na+ and K+
resting membrane potential
79
resting membrane potential forms
by an unequal distribution of ions on either side of the plasma membrane due to a higher membrane permeability to K+ than to Na+
80
depolarization for muscles
-50 to -40
81
depolarization for nerves
-60 to -55, has to fire before muscles
82
the level of ___ is higher ___
K+ inside
83
the level of ______ is higher ___
Na+ outside
84
K+ diffuses out faster than Na+ enters due to
leak channels
85
during _____ _____, voltage-gated NA+ and K+ channels open in sequence
action potential
86
depolarization
opening of voltage-gated NA+ channels (-70mV to +30 mV)
87
threshold potential
level of depolarization required to intake an action potential, once this is reached, the action potential move along the membrane, generating an electrical impulse that is transmitted down the axon
88
opening of voltage-gated K+ channel allows
repolarization
89
repolarization
recovery of the membrane potential to the resting level
90
all or none principle
stimulus is strong enough to reach threshold, the action potential will occur
91
refractory period
another action potential cannot be generated. this limits the number of neurons that can respond to a stimulus at any given moment
92
propagation of action potentials
begins with local changes in the membrane in one site
93
continuous conduction
nerve impulse conduction that occurs as a step-by-step process along an unmyelinated axon
94
salutary conduction
a nerve impulse leaps from one node of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon
95
Axons with _____ diameters conduct impulses ____ than those with _____ diameters
larger, smaller
96
myelinated axons conduct impulses _____ than unmyelinated axons
faster
97
myelin
excellent insulator that prevents almost all ion movement across the cell membrane
98
myelination of an axon ______ the speed and efficiency of _____ _____ generation along the axon
increases, action potential

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