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Oral Pathology 2020 > Chapter 13 hematologic disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 13 hematologic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a general term for a decrease in volume of RBCs or in the concentration of hemoglobin?

A

-Anemia

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2
Q

What does hematocrit =?

A

-Volume of RBCs

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3
Q

What are some underlying diseases that anemia might be associated with?

A
  • Renal failure
  • Liver disease
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions
  • Malignancies
  • Vitamin or mineral deficiencies
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4
Q

What are the general symptoms of anemia?

A
  • Tiredness
  • Headache
  • Fainting/feeling lightheaded
  • Pallor
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5
Q

What are oral symptoms of anemia?

A
  • Glossodynia (pain)
  • Glossopyrosis (burning)
  • Tongue atrophy (bald)
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6
Q

What is a hematologic disorder characterized by a markedly decreased number of circulating blood platelets?

A

-Thrombocytopenia

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7
Q

What is the result of thrombocytopenia?

A

-Abnormal bleeding

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8
Q

What are the decrease in platelets in thrombocytopenia due to?

A
  • Reduced production
  • Increased destruction
  • Sequestration in the spleen
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9
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

200,000-400,000

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10
Q

Clinical evidence of thrombocytopenia is not seen until platelet count is below what?

A

100,000/mm3

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11
Q

In thrombocytopenia patients, the small capillaries leak blood which result in what?

A

-Petechiae (small breakage and leakage of capillaries)

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12
Q

What is the order of advancement of thrombocytopenia clinically?

A
  • Petechiae
  • purpura (fused petechiae)
  • ecchymosis
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13
Q

What do special types of thrombocytopenia include?

A
  • Thrombocytic thrombocytopenia (TTP)

- idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

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14
Q

When does idopathic thrombocytopenic purpuara occur?

A

-In childhood after a viral infection

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15
Q

Thrombocytic thrombocytopenia is a serious disorder of coagulation and is probably due to what?

A

-Endothelail damage

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16
Q

What is enlargement of the lymphoid tissue?

A

-Lymphoid hyperplasia

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17
Q

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue are most commonly seen where?

A
  • Oropharynx
  • Soft palate
  • Lateral tongue
  • Floor of mouth
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18
Q

With acute infection, the lymphoid hyperplasia appear as what?

A

-Enlarged, tender, soft, freely movable nodules

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19
Q

With chronic infections, the lymphoid hyperplasia appear as what?

A

-Enlarged, nontender, firm, freely movable nodules

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20
Q

If you have tonsillar asymmetry what could is possibly be?

A
  • Metastatic tumor
  • Lymphoma
  • Lymphoid hyperplasia
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21
Q

Agranulocytosis means what?

A

-Without granulocytes (usually neutrophils)

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22
Q

What does agranulocytosis lead to/have associated with it?

A
  • Neutropenia

- Lymphopenia

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23
Q

What is agranulocytosis induced by?

A

-Drugs for anticancer treatments

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24
Q

What are the oral symptoms of agranulocytosis?

A

-Necrotizing, deep, punched-out ulcerations of the buccal mucosa, tongue and palate

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25
Q

What represents several types of malignancies of hematopoietic stem cell derivation?

A

-Leukemia

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26
Q

What is the philadelphia chromosome related to?

A

-Chronic myeloid leukemia has a translocation of the chormosomal material between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22

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27
Q

What are some environmental factors that might lead to leukemia?

A
  • Exposure to pesticides and or benzene

- Ionizing radiation

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28
Q

What type of leukemia is a more common childhood malignancies?

A

-Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

29
Q

What is the most common type of leukemia?

A

-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (occurs in adulthood)

30
Q

What virus can cause leukemia?

A

-Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1

31
Q

The leukemic cells may infiltrate the oral soft tissues to produce a boggy (doughy), non-tender swelling that is termed what?

A

-Granulocytic sarcoma

32
Q

What are langerhan cells?

A

-Dendritic mononuclear cells normally found in the epidermis, mucosa, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

33
Q

T/F Langherhans cells are antigen presenting cells

A

True

34
Q

What is eosinophilic granuloma of bone?

A

-One or multiple lesions with no visceral involvement

35
Q

What are the subtypes of langerhan cell histiocyotsis?

A
  • Eosinophilic granuloma of bone
  • Acute disseminated histiocytosis
  • Chronic disseminated histiocytosis
36
Q

What is acute disseminated histiocytosis?

A

-Disease involves bone, skin, and viscera

37
Q

What is acute disseminated histiocytosis aka?

A

-Letterer-Siwe disease

38
Q

What is chronic disseminated histiocytosis?

A

-Disease involves bone, skin, and viscera

39
Q

What is Chronic disseminated histiocytosis aka?

A

-Hand-Schuller-Christian disease

40
Q

Where are langerhan cell histiocytosis most commonly found?

A
  • Skull
  • Ribs
  • Vertebrae
  • Mandible
41
Q

In an X-ray what might make you think of langerhan cell histiocytosis?

A
  • Sharply demarcated “punched-out” radiolucencies
  • Occasionally may be ill-defined
  • Mandibular lesions appear “scooped out” because the superficial alveolar bone is destroyed
  • Extensive alveolar bone involvement that looks like a tooth floating in air
42
Q

Langerhan cells contain rod shaped cytoplasmic structures known as what?

A

-Birbeck granules (found via electronmicroscopy)

43
Q

Identification of what cell is necessary to confirm langerhan cell histiocytosis?

A

-Lesional Langerhan cell

44
Q

More than half of patients with Langerhan cell histiocytosis are how old?

A

-Younger than 15

45
Q

What is a malignant lymphoproliferative disorder?

A

-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

46
Q

What are the neoplastic cells in Hodgkin’s lymphoma known as?

A

-Reed-Sternberg cells

47
Q

What virus is associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

-EBV (Epstein Barr Virus)

48
Q

Where does Hodgkin’s lymphoma usually begin?

A

-Lymph nodes

49
Q

What gender is Hodgkin’s lymphoma more common in?

A

-Males

50
Q

Where are most of the lymph nodes involved in Hodgkin’s lymphoma at?

A

-Cervical and supraclavicular nodes

51
Q

What do Reed-sternberg cells appear as?

A

-Owl’s eyes

52
Q

What is non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma aka?

A

-Lymphoma

53
Q

What type of cell are most non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas from?

A

-B-lymphocyte origin

54
Q

Intraoral soft tissue lesions in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma typically appear as nontender diffuse swelling affecting what locations?

A
  • Posterior hard palate
  • Gingiva
  • Buccal vestibule
55
Q

Swelling in non-hodgkins’ lymphoma are characteristically what when applying pressure?

A

-Boggy

56
Q

What is the most common type of lymphoma of the oral cavity?

A

-Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

57
Q

Mycosis fungoides is so named because it clinically resembles what?

A

-Fungal infection

58
Q

What is the most common cutaneous lymphoma?

A

-Mycosis fungoides

59
Q

What type of cell is mycosis fungoides?

A

-A T cell lymphoma

60
Q

What is an aggressive expression of mycosis fungoides that represents dermatopathic T cell leukemia?

A

-Sezary syndrome

61
Q

What is a propensity to invade the epidermis of the skin known as?

A

-Epidermotropism

62
Q

What is Epidermotropism associated with?

A

-Mycosis Fungoides

63
Q

The atypical lymphocytes in mycosis fungoides form small intraepithelial aggregates termed what?

A

-Pautrier’s microabscesses

64
Q

What is a malignancy of B cell origin?

A

-Burkitt’s lymphoma

65
Q

What virus is associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

EBV

66
Q

What is the average age of someone who gets burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

-7

67
Q

What is a “starry-sky” pattern in histology associated with?

A

-Burkitt’s lymphoma

68
Q

What is the cell that creates the “starry-sky” pattern in Burkitt’s lymphoma?

A

-Macrophages

Oral Pathology 2020 (38 decks)

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