Ch 3

Question 1

the sequence of biological growth leading to changes in behavior, mostly independent of experience (we stand before we walk)

Answer 1

maturation

Question 2

theory that children construct their understanding of the world as they interact with it. Their minds go through spurts of change from one level to the next

Answer 2

Piaget’s Theory

Question 3

interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 3

assimilation

Question 4

adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new info

Answer 4

accommodations

Question 5

the principle Piaget believed that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in shape

Answer 5

conservation

Question 6

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Answer 6

schema

Question 7

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 7

object permanence

Question 8

peoples ideas about their own and others mental states

Answer 8

theory of mind

Question 9

experiencing the world through senses and actions

Answer 9

sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)

Question 10

representing things with words and images; intuitive rather than logical reasoning

Answer 10

preoperational (2-6 years)

Question 11

thinking logically about concrete events

Answer 11

concrete operational (7-11)

Question 12

reading abstractly

Answer 12

formal operational; 12- adulthood

Question 13

trust vs mistrust

Answer 13

if needs are met, infants will develop trust (infants)

Question 14

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 14

toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves or they doubt their ability

Question 15

initiative vs guilt

Answer 15

preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

Question 16

competence vs inferiority

Answer 16

(6-puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior

Question 17

identity vs role confusion

Answer 17

teen to 20s; teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and forming an identity or they become confused about who they are

Question 18

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 18

20-40; struggle to form close relationships and gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated

Question 19

generativity vs stagnation

Answer 19

40-60; people discover a sense of contributing to the world or they feel a lack of purpose

Question 20

integrity vs despair

Answer 20

60-up; reflecting on their lives may feel satisfaction or failure

Question 21

self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards (Kohlberg)

Answer 21

preconventional morality

Question 22

upholds laws and rules to gain social approval and maintain social order (kohlberg)

Answer 22

conventional morality

Question 23

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles (kohlberg)

Answer 23

postconventional morality

Question 24

parent style with low warmth and high control; children have less social skill and self esteem

Answer 24

authoritarian

Question 25

parent style with high warmth and high control; rules are explained, children are successful and have high self esteems

Answer 25

authoritative

Question 26

parent control with high warmth and low control; parents do not make rules or enforce punishment; children are more aggressive and immature and do well when the mood strikes them

Answer 26

permissive

Question 27

parent style with low warmth and low control; parents do not spend quality time; are absent; children are more likely to go to juvenile prison and have low self esteems

Answer 27

neglectful

Question 28

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction; have an impaired theory of mind and have difficulty reading and remembering other people’s thoughts and feelings

Answer 28

autism spectrum disorder

Question 29

fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning at about 8 months; after object permanence emerges

Answer 29

stranger anxiety