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AP Bio > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

four types of organic molecules (…) exist in organisms: …, .., …, and …

A

biomolecules; carbs; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids

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2
Q

even a simple bacterial cell contains some … organic molecules

A

5000

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3
Q

because cells are … water, the degree to which an organic molecule interacts with water affects its ..

A

70-90%; function

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4
Q

isomers are molecules with identical … but different … of their atoms

A

molecular formulas; arrangements;

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5
Q

isomers have different … and …differently with other molecules

A

chemical properties; react

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6
Q

carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are called biomolecules because certain … are known to be rich in them

A

rich

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7
Q

cellular enzymes carry out .. reactions to synthesize … in this type of reaction, a … is removed and a covalent bond is made between two atoms of the ..

A

dehydration reactions; biomolecules; water molecule; monomers

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8
Q

in a dehydration reaction, a … group is removed from one monomer and a .. is removed from the other. this produces …, and because it is leaving the monomers, it is dehydration

A

hydroxyl; hydrogen; water

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9
Q

.. reactions break down polymers in reverse of dehydration

A

hydrolysis

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10
Q

a … group from … attaches to one monomer and … attaches to the other

A

hydroxyl; water; hydrogen

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11
Q

monosaccharides are … with a backbone of .. to … carbon atoms

A

simple sugars; 3; 7

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12
Q

most monosaccharides or organisms have … carbons (…)

A

six; hexose

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13
Q

glucose, fructose, and galactose are …, but are … of one another

A

hexoses; isomers

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14
Q

glucose is found in the … of animals; it is the source of … (…) in nearly all organisms

A

blood; biochemical energy; atp

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15
Q

ribose and deoxyribose are … carbon sugars (…); they contribute to the backbones of .. and …, respectively

A

five; pentoses; rna; dna

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16
Q

disaccharides contain two … joined by a … reaction

A

monosaccharides; dehydration reaction

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17
Q

(disaccharides) maltose is composed of two … molecules; forms in the … of humans during .. digestion

A

glucose; digestive tract; starch

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18
Q

(disaccharides) sucrose (… sugar) is composed of … and …, it used to … for human consumption

A

table; glucose; fructose; sweeten food

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19
Q

(disaccharides) lactose is composed of … and … and is found in …

A

galactose; glucose; milk

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20
Q

polysaccharides are polymers of …. They are not … and do not pass through the … of the cell

A

monosaccharides; soluble in water; plasma membrane

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21
Q

starch, found in many .., is a … chain of … molecules with relatively few …

A

plants; straight; glucose; side branches

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22
Q

… and … are the two forms of starch found in plants

A

amylose; amylopectin

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23
Q

glycogen is a highly … polymer of … with many …. it is the storage form of … in …

A

branched; glucose; side branches; glucose; animals

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24
Q

cellulose is a polymer of … which forms …, the primary constituent of …

A

glucose; microfibrils; plant cell walls

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25
Q

cotton is nearly …

A

pure cellulose

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26
Q

cellulose is … by humans due to the unique bond between glucose molecules

A

indigestible

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27
Q

grazing animals can digest cellulose due to special … and …

A

stomachs; bacteria

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28
Q

cellulose is the most …. on earth

A

abundant organic molecule

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29
Q

chitin is a polymer of … with an … attached to each … molecule

A

glucose; amino group; glucose

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30
Q

chitin is the primary constituent of the … of … and related animals

A

exoskeleton; crabs

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31
Q

chitin is not … by humans

A

digestible

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32
Q

peptidoglycan is a polymer of … and is found in …

A

glucose derivatives ; bacteria

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33
Q

lipids are varied in

A

structure

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34
Q

lipids are .. that are … in water because they lack …

A

hydrocarbons; insoluble; polar groups

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35
Q

fat provides … and … in animals

A

insulation; energy storage

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36
Q

phospholipids form … and steroids are important …

A

plasma membranes; cell messengers

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37
Q

waxes have … functions in many organisms

A

protective

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38
Q

fats and oils contain two molecular units:

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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39
Q

a fatty acid is a long … chain with a … at one end

A

hydrocarbon; carboxyl

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40
Q

most fatty acids in cells contain …. to … carbons per molecule

A

16; 18

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41
Q

saturated fatty acids have no … between their carbon atoms

A

double bonds

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42
Q

unsaturated fatty acids have … in the carbon chain where there are less than two … per carbon

A

double bonds; hydrogens

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43
Q

the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids may have chemical groups arranged on the same side (…) or on the opposite side (…). these 2 configurations affect the unsaturated fatty acids …

A

cis configuration; trans configuration; biological activity

44
Q

glycerol is a water-soluble compound with

A

three hydroxyl groups

45
Q

triglycerides are … joined to … by … reactions

A

glycerol; 3 fatty acids; dehydration

46
Q

fats contain … and are … at room temperature

A

saturated fatty acids; solid

47
Q

oils contain … and are … at room temperature

A

unsaturated fatty acids; liquid

48
Q

animals use … rather than … for … energy storage, … stores more energy

A

fat; glycogen; long-term; fat

49
Q

phospholipids are constructed like … expect that the third fatty acid is replaced by a …; this usually bonds to another …

A

neutral fats; polar phosphate group; organic group

50
Q

the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids become the

A

nonpolar tails

51
Q

phospholipids arrange themselves in a … in .., so the polar heads face toward … and nonpolar tails face toward …, away from …

A

double layer; water; water molecules; each other; water

52
Q

double layer property enables phospholipids to form an … or … between 2 solutions (… and … of a cell); the plasma membrane is a …

A

interface; separation; interior; exterior; phospholipid bilayer

53
Q

steroids have skeletons of … fused carbon rings and vary according to … these determine the … of the various steroids

A

4; attached functional groups; biological functions;

54
Q

cholesterol is a component of an animal cell’s …. and is the precursor of the …

A

plasma membrane; steroid hormone

55
Q

waxes are long-chain … bonded to long-chain …

A

fatty acids; alcohols

56
Q

waxes have a high …, are …, and resist …

A

melting pt; waterproof; degradation

57
Q

waxes form a … covering in plants that retards … in … and …

A

protective; water loss; leaves; fruits

58
Q

in animals, waxes maintain … and …, trap … and …, and form the..

A

animal skin; fur; dust; dirt; honeycomb

59
Q

metabolic enzymes are proteins that act as … to accelerate chemical reactions …

A

organic catalysts; within cells

60
Q

support proteins include …, which makes up hair and nails, and …, which support many of the bodys structures

A

keratin; collagen fibers;

61
Q

transport functions include … and … in the plasma membrane, and … that transports oxygen in red blood cells

A

channel; carrier proteins; hemoglobin

62
Q

defense functions include … that prevent infection

A

antibodies

63
Q

hormones are … proteins that influence the … of cells. for example, insulin regulates … content of blood and within cells

A

regulatory; metabolism; glucose

64
Q

motion within cells and by muscle contraction is provided by the proteins .. and …

A

myosin; actin

65
Q

peptide bond is a … between two …

A

covalent bond; amino acids

66
Q

atoms of a peptide bond share electrons

A

unevenly

67
Q

the polarity of the peptide bond permits … between different … in a polypeptide

A

hydrogen bonding; amino acids

68
Q

a peptide is

A

two or more amino acids bonded together

69
Q

polypeptides are chains of many … joined by … bonds

A

amino acids; peptide

70
Q

a protein may contain more than one … chain; it can thus have a very large number of

A

polypeptide; amino acids

71
Q

the 3d shape of a protein is critical for its

A

function

72
Q

the r group of amino acid cystine ends witha … that serves to connect one chain of amino acids to another by a …

A

sulfhydryl; disulfide bond

73
Q

there are … different amino accids commonly found in cells

A

20

74
Q

protein shape determines the …of the protein in the organisms; proteins can have up to … levels of structure

A

function; four

75
Q

the primary structure is the protein’s own particular sequence of

A

amino acids

76
Q

the secondary structure results when a polypeptide … or … in a particular way

A

coils; folds

77
Q

in a peptide bond, oxygen is partially …, hydrogen is partially … which allows for … between the C=O of one amino acid and the … of another

A

negative; positive; hydrogen bonding; N-H

78
Q

hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid holds the spiral shape of an

A

alpha helix

79
Q

pleated beta sheet polypeptides turn back

A

upon themselves

80
Q

hydrogen bonding occurs between

A

extended lengths

81
Q

fibrous proteins are structural proteins with … and/or … that … to one another

A

structural proteins; helices; pleated sheets; hydrogen bond

82
Q

tertiary structure results when proteins are … giving rise to the final … shape of the protein. this is due to interactions among the .. groups of the constituent amino acids

A

folded; 3d; r-groups

83
Q

globular proteins tend to ball up into

A

rounded shapes

84
Q

strong disulfide linkages maintain the … shape; …, …, and … bonds also contribute

A

tertiary; hydrogen; ionic; covalent

85
Q

there are conditions in which the enzyme/protein will lose its natural shape. this is called

A

denaturation

86
Q

quaternary structure results when two or more

A

polypeptides combine

87
Q

hemoglobin is globular protein with a … structure of four polypeptides; each polypetide has a .., …, and … structure

A

quaternary; primary; secondary; tertiary

88
Q

as proteins are synthesized, … help them fold into their correct shapes. these may also correct … of a new protein and prevent them from making incorrect shapes

A

chaperone proteins; misfolding

89
Q

certain diseases are likely due to misfolded proteins, called

A

prions

90
Q

nucleic acids are polymers of …, stores … in cells

A

nucleotides; info

91
Q

DNA stores the … for its own replication and for the … in proteins

A

genetic code; amino acid sequences

92
Q

RNA allows for … of the genetic code of DNA into the amino acid sequence of proteins

A

translation

93
Q

some nucleotides have independent … in cells

A

metabolic functions

94
Q

coenzymes are molecules which facilitate

A

enzymatic reactions

95
Q

ATP is a nucleotide used to supply energy for … rreactions and other …-requiring metabolic activities in the cell

A

synthetic; energy

96
Q

nucleotides are a molecular complex of three types of molecules: a .., a …, and a… base

A

phosphate; pentose sugar; nitrogen-contain

97
Q

in rna, base … occurs instead of base …

A

uracil; thymine

98
Q

dna is … whereas rna is ..

A

double-stranded; single-stranded

99
Q

complementary base pairing occurs where two strands of dna are held together by … between … and … bases

A

hydrogen bonds; purine; pyrimidine;

100
Q

the number of purien bases always … the number of pyrimidine bases

A

equals

101
Q

thymine is always paired with …, cytosine always with …

A

adenine; guanine

102
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide n which … is composed of … and ..

A

adenosine; ribose; adenine

103
Q

triphosphate derives its name from three … attached together and to the …

A

phosphate groups; ribose

104
Q

atp is a high-energy molecule because the last two phosphate bonds

A

release energy when broken

105
Q

in cell,s the terminal phosphate bond is …, leaing …; energy is … when this occurs

A

hydrolyzed; adp; released

106
Q

the energy released from atp breakdown is ued in the … process of the cell

A

energy-requiring

AP Bio (32 decks)

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