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AP Bio > Chapter 18: Origin and History of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Origin and History of Life Flashcards

1
Q

all life on earth can be traced back to a single ancestor → …: …

A

LUCA: last universal common ancestor

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2
Q

LUCA common to all organisms that have

A

lived or live on Earth

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3
Q

According to Darwin, first life form came about in a … with …, …, .., …, …, etc

A

warm little pond; ammonia; phosphoric salts; light; heat; electricity

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4
Q

biomolecules: the molecules of … → …

A

living things; organic molecules

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5
Q

life originated from nonliving matter in

A

4 stages

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6
Q

(4 stages) stage 1: …., simple … evolved from … before cells came to be: e.g. .. and …

A

organic monomers; monomers; inorganic compounds; amino acids; nucleotides

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7
Q

(4 stages) stage 2: …, organic monomers … to form …: e.g. …, …, and …

A

organic polymers; polymerized; organic polymers; DNA; RNA; proteins

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8
Q

(4 stages) stage 3: …, organic polymers became …, forming the … (…/…)

A

protocells; enclosed in a membrane; cell precursors; protocells; probionts

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9
Q

(4 stages) stage 4: …, probionts acquired ability to …, among other …

A

living cells; self-replicate; cellular properties

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10
Q

abiogenesis: origin of … from ..

A

.life; nonliving matter

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11
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) oparin-haldane hypothesis → … hypothesis

A

primordial soup

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12
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) oparin-haldane: first stage in the origin of life was … from … present in Earth’s ….

A

evolution of monomers; inorganic compounds; early atmosphere

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13
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) early earth had very little …, made up of …, …, …, …

A

oxygen; water vapor; hydrogen gas; methane; ammonia

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14
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) methane and ammonia are …, powerful when ….

A

reducing agents; oxygen is absent

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15
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) oparin-haldane: early earth had …. in which .. reactions could have driven … (…) of organic monomers from inorganic molecules with addition of …

A

reducing atmosphere (because of CH4 and NH3); redox; chemical evolution; abiotic synthesis; energy

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16
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) miller-urey experiment: early earth energy sources: heat from … and …, … from isotopes, … in …, … (particularly …)

A

volcanoes; meteorites; radioactivity; electric discharges; lightning; solar radiation; ultraviolet

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17
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) miller-urey experiment: miller placed mixture of …, …, …, and … in a closed system and … it, and also circulated it past an …

A

methane; ammonia; hydrogen; water; heated; electric spark

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18
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) miller-urey experiment: variety of … and other … were formed
- all …

A

amino acids; organic acids; 22 amino acids

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19
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) miller-urey experiment: recent evidence suggests that … and … would have been abundant in early Earth atmosphere, challenging validity of experiment
BUT: other experiments showed that ammonia could have been produced when ….

A

nitrogen gas; ammonia; iron-nickel sulfides catalyzed change of N2 to NH3

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20
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) miller-urey experiment: small organic compounds formed on surface by atmospheric gases would not have been destroyed through … or …, as there was no … or …, and … would have washed them into the … where the … could become …

A

oxidation; decay; free oxygen; bacteria; ocean; oceans; warm organic soups

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21
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) iron-sulfur world hypothesis: proposal that thermal vents at the bottom of oceans could have provided all the … and … necessary to …

A

elements; conditions; synthesize organic monomers

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22
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) iron-sulfur world hypothesis: … emitted from vents (…., …, …) pass over … and … minerals, which would then act as … that drive chemical evolution from …. to … molecules

A

dissolved gases; carbon monoxide; ammonia; hydrogen sulfide; iron; nickel; catalysts; inorganic; organic molecules

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23
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) extraterrestrial origins hypothesis: organic molecules from … and … could have .. the chemical origin of life on earth

A

comets; meteorites; seeded

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24
Q

(stage 1. evolution of monomers) extraterrestrial: some hypothesize that … evolved first on another planet

A

bacterium-like cells

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25
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) in cytoplasm, organic monomers join to form … in the presence of …

A

polymers; enzymes

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26
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) enzymes are

A

proteins

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27
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) iron-sulfur world hypothesis: organic molecules will …. and amino acids will form … in presence of …. under conditions found at …

A

react; peptides; iron-nickel sulfides; thermal vents

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28
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) iron-sulfur world hypothesis: iron-nickel sulfides have a … that attracts … and …. to form …

A

charged surface; amino acids; binds them together; proteins

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29
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) protein-first hypothesis: amino acids polymerize abiotically when exposed to

A

dry heat

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30
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) protein-first hypothesis: once amino acid were present in oceans, they could have collected in … along …

A

shallow puddles; rocky shore

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31
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) protein-first hypothesis: heat of the sun could cause amino acids to form …, small…. with some …

A

proteinoids; polypeptides; catalytic properties

32
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) protein-first hypothesis: in water, proteinoids form …, structures composed only of … that have many ….

A

microspheres; protein; cell properties

33
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) protein-first hypothesis: newly formed polypeptides may have had …, a selectively …. trait → …. in formation of first cell

A

enzymatic properties; advantageous; natural selection

34
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) protein-first hypothesis: assumes that protein enzymes arose prior to …: genes that encode proteins followed evolution of …

A

first DNA molecule; first polypeptide

35
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) RNA-first hypothesis: suggests that only … was needed to progress toward formation of cell

A

RNA

36
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) RNA-first hypothesis: RNA can be both a … and …

A

substrate; enzyme

37
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) RNA-first hypothesis: some viruses have

A

RNA

38
Q

(stage 2. evolution of polymers) RNA-first hypothesis: RNA could have carried out processes of life commonly associated with … and …

A

DNA; proteins

39
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) protocell/probiont: structure characterized by having an

A

outer membrane

40
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) life requires chemical reactions to take place within a … to protect from …

A

boundary; disruption of conditions

41
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) cell’s plasma membrane is critical to … and … of …

A

regulation; maintenance; cellular activities

42
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) modern cell membrane made up of … in a …, where first plasma membranes were likely made of ….

A

phospholipids; bilayer; fatty acids

43
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) fatty acids could have formed from

A

chemical reactions at hydrothermal vents

44
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) in water, fatty acids assemble into small spheres called … → single layer of … organized with … pointed out and … pointed toward sphere’s center

A

micelles; fatty acids; hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails

45
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) micelles can merge to form ….

A

vesicles

46
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) vesicles are … than micelles and are surrounded by a …. of ….

A

larger; bilayer; fatty acids

47
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) individual fatty acids can flip between …, to help move select molecules ….

A

two layers; into or out of the cell

48
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) first protocell likely this sort of

A

vesicle

49
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) if … are made available to protein microspheres, they can associate and form a …

A

lipids; lipid-protein membrane

50
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) shared properties with modern cells: resemble …, …. difference, …, subject to …

A

bacteria; electrical potential; divide; selection

51
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) oparin showed that under certain …, …, and … conditions, mixtures of macromolecules can form …., which tend to … and incorporate substances from …; eventually, a … could form

A

temperature; ionic composition; pH; coacervate droplets; absorb; environment; semipermeable boundary

52
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) bangham discovered that lipids could naturally organize themselves into … about the size of a … → …

A

double-layered bubbles; cell; liposomes

53
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) liposomes could have provided life’s first

A

membranous boundary

54
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) maybe liposomes with phospholipid membrane engulfed other early molecules with …, or … abilities

A

enzymatic; replicative

55
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) membrane-first hypothesis: first cell had to have a … before any other parts

A

plasma membrane

56
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) a protocell would need …. (….) so that it could …

A

nutrition; other molecules; grow

57
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) hypothesis that protocells were …: organisms that consume …

A

heterotrophic; preformed organic molecules

58
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) if protocells evolved at hydrothermal vents, they could have carried out ….: synthesis of … from … and …

A

chemosynthesis; organic molecules; inorganic molecules; nutrients

59
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) glycolysis: metabolic pathway that transforms … into … for a cell to do …

A

high-energy chemical bonds; energy; work

60
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) glycolysis: first stage of …, occurs otuside of …

A

cellular respiration; mitochondria

61
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) glycolysis: in early stages of life’s origin, ATP would have been available in a … as an energy source

A

preformed state

62
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) natural selection would have favored evolution of …. as means to provide renewable energy supply

A

ATP/ADP recycling

63
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) natural selection of ATP/ADP must have occurred very …. in history of life, since all life on Earth uses ATP

A

early

64
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) ATP likely synthesized first by

A

fermentation

65
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) mitochondria share common ancestor with group of … that … via an …

A

bacteria; synthesize ATP; electron transport chain

66
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) protocell must have first had limited ability to …, millions of years for … to completely evolve

A

break down organic molecules; glycolysis

67
Q

(stage 3. evolution of protocells) some evidence suggests that microspheres from which protocells evolved may have had some

A

catalytic ability

68
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) central dogma:

A

DNA → RNA → protein

69
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) according to RNA-first hypothesis: RNA first to

A

evolve

70
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) according to RNA-first hypothesis: these genes would have directed and enzymatically conducted

A

protein synthesis

71
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) evidence for RNA-first thing: ribozymes are …, viruses have …

A

enzymatic RNA molecules; RNA genes

72
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) RNA-first hypothesis: reverse transcription may have occurred within protocell, eventually leading to …, once DNA genes developed, protein synthesis would occur according to …

A

DNA-encoded genes; central dogma

73
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) according to protein-first hypothesis: …./… were first

A

proteins; polypeptides

74
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) protein-first: after protocell developed a plasma membrane and enzymes, it had ability to synthesize … and … from … in …

A

DNA; RNA; small molecules; ocean

75
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) protein-first: Because nucleic acids are complicated, it seems more likely that … were needed first to guide synthesis of … and then ….

A

enzymes; nucleotides; nucleic acids

76
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) after DNA formed, protein synthesis would occur according to

A

central dogma

77
Q

(stage 4. Evolution of a Self-Replication System) Cairns-Smith proposed that polypeptides and RNA evolved at the …, such that first true cell would have … that could replicate because of presence of …, this means, though, that two unlikely events would happen at same time

A

same time; RNA genes; proteins

AP Bio (32 decks)

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