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AP Bio > Non-Mendelian Traits > Flashcards

Non-Mendelian Traits Flashcards

1
Q 
null hypothesis (n sub 0): .../... 
for genetics, null for law of dominance is that ..., but the phenotypic expression of genes is ...
A

starting point; zero; neither allele masks the other; random

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2
Q

we look to … the null hypothesis

A

reject

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3
Q

H1 is your own hypothesis
For genetics, H1 is …
if no dominance, maybe …, …, …, … (non-Mendelian)

A

law of dominance; codominance; incomplete dominance; epistatic control; pleiotropy

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4
Q

… vs. …. a hypothesis

A

fail to reject; reject

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5
Q

if you fail to reject H1, move onto …, which is … for genetics –> suggests that alleles … during …

A

H2; segregation; separate; gamete formation

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6
Q

rejection of H2 indicates that alleles do not …, which would be … (e.g. …), blocking …

A

separate; nondisjunction; trisomy; speciation

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7
Q

failing to reject H2, leads to … which is .. for genetics

fail to reject this one: … ratio —> … genes on homologous chromosomes

A

H3; independent assortment; 9:3:3:1; unlinked

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8
Q

(linked genes) male is …: whatever allele they have is what they have

A

hemizygous

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9
Q

(linked genes) for gene linkage there is an increase in the … meaning that more offspring …

A

parentals; look like parents

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10
Q

(linked genes) recombinant frequency aligns with … as well as …

A

location on chromosomes; order

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11
Q

(NJCTL) Over the years since Mendel’s discovery of genetics, modern science has discovered many traits that show exception to Mendel’s Law. We can term these …
For example, many traits are … which means they do not follow the law of … Examples of these traits are … and …

A

non-mendelian traits; linked; independent assortment; red hair; freckles

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12
Q

(NJCTL) The main new discovery that changed how we interpret Mendel’s results is …
Sexual reproducers pass their genes on small bundles of DNA called … Each of these contains many … The chromosomes DO independently assort, but the the gene for a few, several, or many traits may be … –> These … are inherited as a …

A

chromosomal inheritance; chromosomes; genes; on the same chromosome; linked genes; package

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13
Q

(NJCTL) … and … are on the same chromosome

A

red hair; freckles

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14
Q

(NJCTL) … occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

A

complete dominance

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15
Q

(NJCTL) in incomplete dominance, the phenotype of hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the …

A

two parental varieties

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16
Q

(NJCTL) in codominance, two .. alleles affect the phenotype in …, … ways
an example of this is the … phenotypes in humans, which involves a single gene with three different allels that can produce four genotypes

A

dominant; separate, distinguishable; ABO blood group

17
Q

(NJCTL) pleiotropy is a situation in which … may affect .. characteristics

A

a single gene; many phenotypic

18
Q

(NJCTL) Mendel didn’t know that alleles are grouped together on chromosomes. In this case,t he recessive are on one of the chromosome pairs of the parent and the dominants on the other.
The sex chromosomes have genes for many characteristics … A gene located on either sex chromosome is called a …

A

unrelated to sex; sex-linked gene

19
Q

(NJCTL) Sex-linked genes follow specific patterns of … Many sex-linked disorders are located on the … chromosome. Typically, these disorders are inherited through the …, as this person gives an … to … Sex-linked disorders show up in … more often than … because they only have …

A

inheritance; X; mother; X chromosome; any child she has; males; females; 1 copy of an X chromosome

20
Q

(NJCTL) examples of sex-linked disorders:
…
…
…
…
these are all caused by .. alleles on the X chromosome

A

color blindness; muscular dystrophy; hemophilia; male pattern baldness; recessive

21
Q

(NJCTL) … type is usually dominant

A

wild

22
Q

(NJCTL) -/- represents two … traits and +/+ represents … traits

A

normal; two mutated

23
Q

(NJCTL) crossing over can separate genes that are typically …

A

on the same chromosome

24
Q

(NJCTL) recombination frequency is the average percentage of … that occur between ..
number of …./ number of … = recombination frequency

A

cross over events; linked genes; recombinations; offspring

25
Q

(NJCTL) the amount of times that a crossing over event happens between 2 genes correlates to the

A

recombination frequency

26
Q

(NJCTL) Recombination frequency (rf) can show the relative positions of genes on a chromosome. The higher the Rf the … the genes

A

further apart

27
Q

(NJCTL) since recombination frequency directly relates to distance, Rf can be converted to a unit of distance known as a … (…), also called a … (…)

A

centimorgan; cM; map unit; mu

28
Q

(NJCTL) The study of genetics relies on the comparison of … and … based on actual experimental observation

A

expected values; observed values

29
Q

(NJCTL) the Chi-squared test is designed to help us decide if the difference between the observed results and expected results of an experiment are …
In other words, it tells us if the difference is due to … or if it is due to some other factor that affected the results of our experiment

A

statistically significant; random chance

30
Q

(NJCTL) the formula for chi square is:

X^2 =

A

E

31
Q

(NJCTL) the chi square test is assessing the … which states: there is no …. between the observed and expected frequencies

A

null hypothesis; significant difference

32
Q

(NJCTL) the df is determined by taking the number of possible outcomes and …
we normally use … as the level of significane

A

subtracting by one; 0.05

33
Q

(NJCTL) If the value we get is less than the critical value, the data is …
otherwise, the data is …

A

statistically insignificant (accept null); statistically significant (reject null)

AP Bio (32 decks)

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