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AP Bio > class notes for work and energy > Flashcards

class notes for work and energy Flashcards

1
Q

electromagnetic spectrum revealed because of … and … fields

A

magnetic; electric

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2
Q

hertz: …, what … is measured in

A

1/s; frequency

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3
Q

very short wavelengths are more

A

penetrating

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4
Q

chemiosmosis: … transport of …

A

passive; H+

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5
Q

valves prevent

A

backflow

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6
Q

xylem sap flows from … to …

pits: … to prevent …

A

roots; leaves; valves; backflow

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7
Q

… have most narrow xylem to assist movement of water … into the plant

A

roots; upward

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8
Q

(C4 plants) two types of photosynthetic cells: … and …

A

bundle-sheath cells; mesophyll

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9
Q

(C4 plants) bundle-sheath: cells that are arranged in tight … around …

A

sheaths; leaf veins

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10
Q

(C4 plants) mesophyll: cells between the … and the … that are more … arranged

A

bundle sheath; leaf surface; loosely

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11
Q

(C4 plants) Calvin cycle occurs only in

A

bundle-sheath chloroplasts

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12
Q

(C4 plants) CO2 is brought into the … and attached to … there.

A

mesophyll; organic molecules

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13
Q

(C4 plants) PEP Carboxylase: enzyme that attaches … to …, forming a ..-C product (…)

A

CO2; PEP; 4; oxaloacetate

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14
Q

(C4 plants) PEPCase has greater affinity for … than rubisco, functions in … that rubisco does not function in (… and …)

A

CO2; climates; hot; arid

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15
Q

(C4 plants) hot and arid environment causes stomata to be …, such that … concentration within the leaf falls, while … concentration rises

A

partially closed; CO2; O2

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16
Q

(C4 plants) mesophyll cells export the 4-C molecule to the … cells by way of … These release … in the … cells, which then undergo the ..

A

bundle-sheath; plasmodesmata; CO2; bundle-sheath; Calvin cycle

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17
Q

(C4 plants) … is regenerated and converted to … in mesophyll cells

A

pyruvate; PEP

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18
Q

(C4 plants) mesophyll pumps CO2 into the bundle-sheath in sufficient concentrations such that rubisco would bond to … instead of …

A

CO2; O2

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19
Q

(C4 plants) C4 photosynthesis minimizes … and increases … production, which is why it is advantageous for organisms in hot and arid environments

A

photorespiration; sugar

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20
Q

(CAM plants) also advantageous for an … environment –> … plants in such environments tend to use this

A

arid; water-storing

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21
Q

(CAM plants) stomata is open at … and closing during the …, which leads to …, but also prevents entrance of … during the …

A

night; daytime; water retention; CO2; day

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22
Q

(CAM plants) CO2 is taken in and attached to .. during the … –> crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

A

organic acids; night

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23
Q

(CAM plants) organic acids made at night are stored in the

A

mesophyll vacuoles

24
Q

(CAM plants) In daytime, light reactions allow for the Calvin cycle to proceed, and the CO2 from the organic acids is … and used to produce … in the …

A

released; carbs; chloroplasts

25
Q

(CAM plants) C4 and CAM both incorporate CO2 into organic molecules … using it in the Calvin Cycle
In C4 plants, the initial steps are separated …, but in CAM plants all of these processes occur in the ..

A

before; spatially; mesophyll

26
Q

(photorespiration) examples of c3 plants

A

rice, wheat, soybeans

27
Q

(photorespiration) in hot, dry conditions, the calvin cycle does not provide enough .. due to shortage of …

A

sugar; CO2

28
Q

(photorespiration) when CO2 becomes scarce, rubisco adds … to the Calvin cycle instead, forming a … compound that leaves the chloroplast. … and … rearrange and split the compound forming … which is released

A

oxygen; 2-C; peroxisomes; mitochondria; CO2

29
Q

(photorespiration) no … or … produced, unlike cellular respiration/photosynthesis, decreases … output

A

ATP; sugar; photosynthetic

30
Q

(photorespiration) photorespiration may be a remnant of evolution from a much earlier time, when … was more abundant in the atmosphere. At the time, it was unimportant whether … or … bonded to the active site of rubisco, and so this affinity still remains to some extent

A

oxygen; O2; CO2;

31
Q

(photorespiration) photorespiration limits … and drains …% of C fixed by calvin cycle

A

crop yield; 50

32
Q

…. is protected by the root cap. root cap cells must constantly be replaced because they get ground off by rough soil particles when the root …

A

root apical meristem; grows

33
Q

term stem is associated with … (cells that are not fully …, give rise to more than one type of …

A

progenitor; developed; cells

34
Q

primary meristems are in the …, which provides new cells to the …

A

zone of cell division; zone of elongation

35
Q

zone of elongation: cells … when they become …

A

lengthen; specialized

36
Q

zone of maturation: fully … cells here, … are present in this region

A

differentiated; root hairs

37
Q

epidermis: .. layer of the root, … layer of cells

A

outer; singe

38
Q

cortex: next to the …, irregularly shaped cells that are loosely packed which then allows … and … to move through it without entering the …

A

epidermis; water; minerals; cells

39
Q

cells in cortex contain .., and cortex functions in …

A

starch granules; food storage

40
Q

endodermis: single layer of … cells, forms a boundary between the … and inner …, bordered on four sides by a layer of … and … called the …

A

rectangular; cortex; vascular cylinder; lignin; suberin; Casparian strip

41
Q

casparian strip prevents passage of water and mineral ions between …, results in only access to vascular cylinder being through the … themselves

A

adjacent cell walls; endodermal cells

42
Q

water has higher .. inside the casparian strip to simulate situation in which root has … than outside such that water can continually flow …

A

concentration; lower concentration; in

43
Q

pericycle: first layer of cells in the … –> can divide and prompt the development of …/… …

A

vascular cylinder; branch; lateral; roots

44
Q

vascular cylinder contains … and …

A

xylem; phloem

45
Q

primary root: grows straight …, … root

… –> e.g. carrots, beets, turnips, radishes

A

down; dominant; taproot

46
Q

fibrous root system is present in plants that do not have a …, but rather have many … roots growing from the lower nodes on the stem (e.g. grasses)

A

primary; slender

47
Q

adventitious roots: emerge above … and develops from the .. (e.g. english ivy)

A

soil line; shoot system

48
Q

pneumatophores: root projections that rise above water that allow roots to gain … for …, can be utilized for .. purposes

A

o2; respiration; parasitic

49
Q

root nodules: … bacteria live there —> .. relationship, bacteria reduces … for the plant

A

nitrogen-fixing; symbiotic; nitrogen

50
Q

meristem:
protoderm: outermost …, develops into the …
ground meristem: produces 2 … (… and …)
procambium: produces first … cells (primary …) and first … cells (primary …)

A

primary meristem; epidermis; tissues; pith; cortex; xylem; xylem; phloem; phloem

51
Q

phototropism:

the … of a plant in response to …, either … or … from the light source

A

orientation; light; toward; away

52
Q

auxin induces … phototropism (… the light source) due to the elongation of cells in the …

A

positive; toward; shady region

53
Q

… phototropism: plant growth that curves … from light

A

negative; away

54
Q

… was an evolutionist who recognized that mitochondria appeared to be similar to …

A

lynn margulis; bacteria

55
Q

margulis, with a professor, discovered that there was … in chloroplasts. She devloped a theory that .. was a driving factor in …, and identified it as a situation that led to the origin of …

A

DNA; symbiosis; photosynthesis; organelles

56
Q

… developed the endosymbiotic theory

A

lynn margulis

AP Bio (32 decks)

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