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HORT 1047 Horticulture 1 > Quiz 2: roots > Flashcards

Quiz 2: roots Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 functions of roots

A
  1. support/ anchorage
  2. water and mineral uptake
  3. storage of excess nutrients
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2
Q

what are primary roots

A

-roots that grow directly from the main root radicle that emerges from seeds

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3
Q

describe tap roots

what plant use this

A 
single primary root is dominant 
provides main support for tree and anchors it firmly to ground 
*not all trees have one 
-gymnosperms and most dicots 
-then branching occurs
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4
Q

describe fibrous root system

what plants use this

A

network of similarly sized roots, - masses of fine feeding roots close to ground surface
-found in monocots

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5
Q

describe secondary (lateral) root system

A

emerges from primary root

-sometimes adventitious roots that emerge from stems and leaves

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6
Q

describe fibrous roots

a) characteristics (2)
b) pros
c) cons

A

a) shallow- 30cm-2 m of surface
- wide coverage area
b) - erosion control
c) lower tolerance for draught
- poor anchorage for large plants

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7
Q

role of lateral roots

A
  • help anchor and support trunk—> may have wide spread (father than drip line)
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8
Q

define deeply descending roots “sinkers”

A

grow downward from lateral roots

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9
Q

describe tap roots

a) characteristics ( 2)
b) pros
c) cons

A

a) little branching off main root
- provides main support for tree and anchors it firmly to ground
* not all trees have one
b) good anchors
- nutrient storage
- better drought tolerance
c) none?

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10
Q

describe feeder roots

A
  • major function is absorption of water and minerals

- located throughout entire canopy of tree

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11
Q

describe growth patterns of tree roots

A

> 50% roots grow beyond trip line

-can grow as deep and tree is tall and wide as tree is tall

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12
Q

describe secondary specialized root system

A

-adventitious roots- coming from outside , unusual place

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13
Q

what are 3 type of adventitious roots?

A

aerial: orchids, ivy
butressing: root flares for extra support
prop: corn –> extended stem for extra support

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14
Q

why do excess nutrients get stored in roots

A
  1. protection from predators- insects, larger herbivores

2. protection from climatic conditions –> seasonal dormancy

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15
Q

what is (arguably) primary purpose of root

A

water/ mineral uptake

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16
Q

where does mineral/ water uptake occur?

A

root hair, located just behind root tip

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17
Q

define root hair

A

extensions of epidermis

  • where 95% uptake water and mineral takes place
  • more surface area = greater potential uptake
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18
Q

define cortex

A

central core where vascular system is (xylen and phloem), between epi and endodermis

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19
Q

endodermis

A

encloses vascular tissue

20
Q

pericycle

A

just inside endodermis

- area which branch roots start

21
Q

xylem

A
  • water conducting tissue

- located more centrally

22
Q

phloem

A
  • food conducting tissue

- located closer to exterior of cortex

23
Q

epidermis

A

-outer layer of cells (skin)

24
Q

zone of elongation

A

where cells expand in length

25
Q

apical meristem

A

-region of actively dividing cells at root tips

26
Q

root cap

A

-protection for delicate root tip

27
Q

what are 2 mutualistic relationships a plant root may have

A
  1. hyphae of fungus

2. bacteria rhizobia

28
Q

describe mycorrhizal fungus relationship with plants

A
  • plant gets dissolved mineral ions released by fungus ( and increase water access)
  • fungus gets carbs from plant
29
Q

what is the most important nutrient for the biosphere

A

nitrogen

30
Q

what is nitrogen mostly present as in earth atm.

A

79% N2 gas –> not usable for plants

31
Q

how can plants uptake N?

A
  • N fixation –> combined into ammonium (NH4) or nitrate (NO2)
  • means N is limiting factor for growth
32
Q

describe mycorrhizal bacteria mutualistic relationship

A
  • with legumes, enter N fixing nodulation with bacteria rhizobia
  • results in formation of root nodules
  • provides major source of available N in biosphere
33
Q

how does branch root form

A
  • emerges from pericycle

- pushes aside endodermis, cortex and epidermis

34
Q

describe formation of lateral root

A
  • originates in pericycle ( outermost layer of vasuclar cylinder of root) and grows out through the cortex and epidermis
35
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from area of high to low concentration

36
Q

capillary water

A

water held in tiny spaces between soil particles or between plant cells

37
Q

turgid

A

swollen and firm due to internal water pressure

38
Q

describe general movement of water and 2 different paths

A
  • plant root epidermis –> cortex –> endodermis –> pericycle –> tracheary elements (xylem)
  • apoplast = inbetween cells or symplast = through cells
39
Q

describe process is which plant cells uptake water (2)

A
    • roots hairs draw water into cells via osmosis
      - when epidermal cells are turgid excess water is discharged bwteen cortex cells and works way into xyxlem –> works for short distances
  2. water is moved longer distances via transpiration
    - water gets pulled up roots system b/c water exiting leaves
40
Q

what are 3 needs of root system

what are they dependent on?

A
  1. water
  2. oxygen
  3. micronutrients
    - soil structure and composition
41
Q

describe soil structure of sand

A
  • large particle size
  • large spaces b/ween particles
  • poor water holding capacity
42
Q

describe soil structure of clay

A
  • fine particles
  • small spaces b/ween particles
  • excellent water holding capacity
43
Q

describe aeration

A
  1. allow circulation air to reach/ penetrate something

2. change liquid to gas ex carb drinks

44
Q

describe compression

A
  • compression of particle to make dense mass
45
Q

what are 2 factors make up soil composition

A

1 . nutrient level: amount of micro and macro nutrients in soil –> slat levels affect water uptake
2. pH: percent hydrogen–> measure of relatively acidity or alkalinity , determines availability of nutrients

HORT 1047 Horticulture 1 (9 decks)

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