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HORT 1047 Horticulture 1 > Quiz 4: leaves > Flashcards

Quiz 4: leaves Flashcards

1
Q

what are leaves?

A
  • outgrowth of the stem
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2
Q

function of leaf

A

-primary organ of photosynthesis

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3
Q

petiole

A

leaf stalk

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4
Q

petiolate

A

leaf with a petiole

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5
Q

sessile leaf

A

directly attached to stem

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6
Q

stipule

A

leaf- like appendages (at base of petiole on some leaves)

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7
Q

simple

A

leaf is a single unit

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8
Q

compound

A

leaf divided into smaller units- leaflets

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9
Q

compoundly pinnate

A
  • leaflets along both side of a common axis
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10
Q

rachis

A
  • axis from which leaflets attach
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11
Q

compoundly palmate

A

leaflets radiate from one point

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12
Q

venation

A
  • arrangement of veins (vascular bundles)
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13
Q

pinnate, palmate venation

A
  • reticulate- net-like
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14
Q

parallel venation

A
  • linear, monocots
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15
Q

simple leaf

A

one balde

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16
Q

what are 3 adaptation plants have for protection

A
  1. thorns
  2. spines
  3. prickles
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17
Q

thorns

A

modified sharp stem or branch

  • grow from axillary buds at the node - where branch would develop
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18
Q

spine

A
  • modified sharp pointed leaf

- occurs in relative position of a leaf

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19
Q

prickle

A
  • woody epidermal outgrowth of stems, leaves and some fruit

- arise randomly from internodes

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20
Q

conifer

A

a tree with needle or scale like leaves

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21
Q

fascicle

A
  • dense cluster of leaves or needles
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22
Q

broadleaf

A
  • a tree with wide, flat leaves
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23
Q

describe entire leaf margin

A

leaf margin that is smooth without teeth or lobes

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24
Q

describe undulate leaf margin

A
  • leaf margin that is wavy
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25
Q

serrate leaf margin

A
  • leaf margin that has pointed teeth directed upward
26
Q

doubly serrate

A
  • serrate leaf margin where the primary teeth support another set of teeth
27
Q

crenate

A
  • a leaf margin that has rounded teeth
28
Q

lobed

A

segmented leaf having pointed or rounded extensions separated by sinuses that do not extend more than half way down midrib

29
Q

sinus

A

the space or indentation between lobes of leaf blade

30
Q

acute leaf tip

A

slightly pointed

31
Q

acuminate leaf tip

A

sharply pointed

32
Q

bristle- tipped leaf point

A

sharply pointed tip

33
Q

truncate leaf tip

A

squared/ abruptly cut off

34
Q

obtuse leaf base

A

rounded

35
Q

cuneate leaf base

A

wedge- shaped

36
Q

obtuse leaf base

A

rounded

37
Q

cordate leaf base

A

heart shaped

38
Q

truncate leaf base

A

squared or abruptly cut off

39
Q

oblique leaf base

A

asymmetrical, unequally sided

40
Q

compound leaf

A

type of leaf that has three of more leaflets attached to a common stalk

41
Q

palmately compound

A

-arrangement of leaflets radiating from a central point

42
Q

pinnately compound

A

-arrangement of leaflets attached laterally along the rachis of a compound leaf

43
Q

palmately

A
  • veins or lobes of a leaf radiating from a central point
44
Q

saying to detect poison ivy

A

leaves of 3 let it be
hairy rope- dont be a dope
berries white- take flight

45
Q

describe tendrils

A

leaf divided into ordinary leaflets and grasping tendrils, enabling plant to scramble over grasses and other herbs despite weak stem

46
Q

what is a plastid?

A

tiny organelle containing pigments

47
Q

chloroplast

A

-plastid containing green pigment –> major site for photosynthesis

48
Q

chromoplast

A

-yellow- orange red pigments –> masked by chlorophyll

49
Q

mesophyll , contains what 2 cells

A
  • tissue of leaf between upper and lower epidermis

- palisade cell, spongy cell

50
Q

palisade cell

A
  • primary site of photosynthesis
51
Q

spongy cell

A

-large spaces for diffusion of CO2

52
Q

cuticle

A
  • waxy coating to epidermis
  • barrier to prevent water loss from leaves
  • reflects sunlight
  • barrier to allow water entry
53
Q

hirsute

A

-hairy coating of epidermis

54
Q

guard cells

  • location
  • how functions
A
  • pair cells surrounding stoma
  • when opens, inner walls of 2 guard cells move apart
  • inner wall which surrounds pore thicker than outer wall –> as water moves into vacuoles of guard cells content increased and so is pressure of cytoplasm against cell wall
  • cell wall begins to stretch
  • difference of thickness of wall causes the outer wall to stretch more than inner
  • outer wall pulls inner walls away from each other causing pore to open
55
Q

stoma

  • function
  • main location
A
  • pore in epidermis of leaves and herbaceous stems which allows atmospheric gas (CO2) to enter leaf
  • outlet for escape of water vapour
  • usually found on lower epidermis
  • open during day for gas entry, close at night due to lack of photosynthesis
  • can be closed during day to prevent regulate water loss
  • hot, dry windy days
  • drought conditions
56
Q

epidermal hairs

A
  • reduce evaporative water loss
  • deterrent to insect predation
  • reflect sunlight
57
Q

describe what is happening when stoma closes and opens

A

closing: water leaves, guard cells shrink, stoma closes
opening: water enters, cells swell, stoma opens

58
Q

what are 4 factors that influence stoma opening/ closing

A
  1. light causes stoma to open and darkness close
    - exception succulents, opposite –> take advantage of cooler evening for gas exchange to reduce water loss
  2. wilting or water deficit causes the stomata to close to prevent further water loss from leaves
  3. increase in CO2 = stoma closure
  4. increase in temperature = stomata open
59
Q

describe what happens when stomata opens

A
  • only epidermal cells with chloroplasts
  • stomata opens, CO2 can enter leaf
    1. chloroplasts make sugar via photosynthesis
    2. guard cells actively pump in K+ ions
60
Q

how is water lost through stomata

A
  • evapo-transpiration

- source of the pull of water conduction through xylem

HORT 1047 Horticulture 1 (9 decks)

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