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English📖 > Grammar🍉 > Flashcards

Grammar🍉 Flashcards

1
Q

Interrogative

A

Question

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2
Q

Declarative

A

Statement

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3
Q

Imperative

A

An order

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4
Q

Exclamative

A

A sentence using an exclamation

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5
Q

Simple sentence

A

A sentence with one clause

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6
Q

Compound sentence

A

Joined by ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’

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7
Q

Complex sentence

A

Subordinate clause attached to a clause that can stand alone

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8
Q

Minor sentence/ellipsis

A

Where a word is missed out/an incomplete sentence

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9
Q

Syntax

A

Order and structure with in the larger units of phrases, clauses and sentences

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10
Q

Antecedent noun

A

The noun that all the pronouns refer back to

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11
Q

Preposition

A

Location words

A word showing the relationship of two parts of a sentence

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12
Q

Determiner

A

The, an, a

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13
Q

Premodification

A

Words that come before a noun to describe it

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14
Q

Postmodification

A

Words that come after a noun to describe it

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15
Q

Modal auxiliary verb

A
  • Can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would
  • Assist main verb of the sentence
  • Indicate likelihood, ability, permission or obligation
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16
Q

Standard English

A

The form of English accepted as the ‘correct’ usage

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17
Q

Morphology

A

Word formation

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18
Q

Subordination

A

When a clause cannot stand alone

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19
Q

Definite article

A

The

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20
Q

Indefinite article

A

A, an

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21
Q

Clipping

A

Shortening words

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22
Q

Non-standard English

A

Not conforming in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary etc

Often used in informal or spontaneous situations with familiar speakers

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23
Q

Contraction

A

Words contracted together

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24
Q

Non-standard contraction

A

Contractions which are grammatically inaccurate

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25
Q

Double negative

A

Two or more negative elements in a sentence

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26
Q

Modifier

A

Includes an umbrella term for adverbs and adjectives

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27
Q

Intensifier

A

An adverb used to give emphasis

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28
Q

Relative clauses

A

Those with ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘that’ and ‘which’

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29
Q

Conditional clauses

A

Those beginning with ‘if’, ‘unless’

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30
Q

Polysyndeton

A

Using a series of conjunctions to connect sentences

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31
Q

Function words

A

Grammatical words that hold little value semantically

Do not create a picture in your mind

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32
Q

Content words

A

Opposite of function words

You can picture them in your mind

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33
Q

Non-syntactic

A

Another word for non-standard

Specifically related to sentence constructions

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34
Q

Infinitive

A

Basic form of a verb

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35
Q

Synthetic personalisation

A

Using ‘you’ as a plural pronoun to address a mass audience

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36
Q

Copula verb

A

Linking verbs in sentences

E.g. ‘is’ in ‘she is great’

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37
Q

Tag question

A

A declarative turned into an interrogative through a small question inflection

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38
Q

Present perfect continuous tense

A

Unspecified time

‘Before now’, ‘now’

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39
Q

Mitigated imperative

A

Syntactically disguised imperative

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40
Q

Genitive prounoun

A

Possessive pronoun

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41
Q

Interrogative pronoun

A

What, who, how etc

Words forming questions

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42
Q

Dynamic modality

A

Verbs which reflect ability, e.g. ‘John can play rugby very well’

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43
Q

Parentheticals

A

Alter the semantic value of a sentence

E.g. I think, I know, I suggest, I mean, I suppose

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44
Q

Parenthesis

A

Linguistic term for brackets

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45
Q

Quantifiers/ numerical morphological units

A

Linguistic term for numbers

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46
Q

Abstract noun

A

Nouns we cannot see, hear, touch or taste.

They are often used in speeches for emotional impact.

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47
Q

Low degree adverb

A

An adverb that isn’t very strong, e.g. ‘quite’

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48
Q

Overt prestige

A

Standard form.
Regarded as the correct form of speaking.
Used in formal situations.

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49
Q

Covert prestige

A

Non-standard form.

Used in informal situations.

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50
Q

Demonstrative pronouns

A

This, that, these and those replace the noun

E.g. this is very hot

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51
Q

Demonstrative adjectives

A

This, that, these and those modify nouns - used to point out specific things.
E.g. this plate is very hot

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52
Q

Nominative

A

The subject of the sentence

E.g. ‘he’ in ‘he went shopping’

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53
Q

Direct speech acts

A

Questions and orders to tell someone to do something.

E.g. ‘is it ok if you pick up that rubbish?’

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54
Q

Negative interrogatives

A

Often provide implicatures to suggest what someone should do/know.
E.g. ‘should you not check with her first’

55
Q

Absolute

A

A form of an adjective used when a plain statement is being made without any kind of comparison
E.g. the dog is big

56
Q

Active voice

A

Noun performs the action and a noun is affected.
E.g. The dog bit him
Active voice is more common in everyday writing.

57
Q

Attributive adjective

A

Comes immediately before the noun in the sentence.
Modifies noun.
E.g. the black dog

58
Q

Predicative adjective

A

The adjective forms the complement of the sentence and completes the meaning of the sentence subject.
Comes after linking verbs.
E.g. she looks beautiful

59
Q

Qualitative adjective

A

Describe the qualities of a person, thing or idea.

E.g. a stupendous achievement

60
Q

Classifying adjective

A

Help divide persons, things or ideas into groups or classes.

E.g. the French language

61
Q

Adjunct

A

Adverbials that add more info to a sentence.

Provide additional info about: concession, condition, manner, place, purpose, reason, result, time.

62
Q

Adverbials

A

Single word or group of words that forms part of a clause.

Used as adjuncts, conjuncts, or disjuncts.

63
Q

Modifiers

A

Adverbs used to modify adjectives, forming adjective phrases.

64
Q

Adjective phrase

A

A group of words built up on an adjective.

E.g. ‘very remarkable’ or ‘slow enough’

65
Q

Adverb phrase

A

A group of words built up found an adverb by adding words before and/or after it.
E.g. very smoothly

66
Q

Apposition

A

Placing one noun or noun phrase next to another in a sentence so that it explains it or amplifies it.
E.g. the writer Michael Viney

67
Q

Dynamic modality (modal auxiliary verb)

A

Concerning the different degrees of ability or tendency

68
Q

Deontic modality (modal auxiliary verb)

A

Concerning the different degrees of obligation and permission

69
Q

Epistemic modality (modal auxiliary verb)

A

The different levels of probability or possibilitiy

70
Q

Boulomaic modality (modal auxiliary verb)

A

The different degrees of volition(free will), desire and wish

71
Q

Passive voice

A

Subject goes in the object position

Creates formal tone - less personalised

72
Q

Softener tag

A

Tag question that mitigates the force of a request

73
Q

Directive

A

Any sentence with an imperative tone

74
Q

Empty adjective

A

Adjectives which have more loaded/emotive content

E.g. adorable, sweet

75
Q

Hypercorrect grammar

A

Ensuring a high level of standard English/prestige in discourse

76
Q

Wh - imperatives

A

Using questions to formulate a request where there is a hidden imperative
E.g. why don’t you pick up your rubbish

77
Q

Virtuous errors/overgeneralisation

A

These are errors children make whilst acquiring the language

78
Q

Irregular verbs

A

A verb where the past tense is not formed using the regular ‘ed’ suffix

79
Q

Epistemic modal tag question (speaker-oriented)

A

The speaker uses these tags to gain confirmation about something they are uncertain about
E.g. We’re meeting outside the cinema, aren’t we?

80
Q

Challenging tag question (speaker-oriented)

A

When the speaker is being confrontational

E.g. I told you not to do that, didn’t I?

81
Q

Facilitative tag question (addressee-oriented) (affective tag)

A

When a speaker tries to encourage another speaker to participate in the discourse
E.g. That concert was great, wasn’t it?

82
Q

Softener tag question (addressee-oriented) (affective tag)

A

Where a speaker mitigates their request/demand/command/suggestion
E.g. Close the window, could you please?

83
Q

What does the ability to use negation require? (Child language)

A

Syntactic awareness.

It is something that children do not grasp immediately.

84
Q

Synonym of Nominative

A

Subjective/subject form

85
Q

Synonym of Accusative

A

Objective/object form

86
Q

Dynamic verbs

A

Verbs which refer to physical actions

87
Q

Stative verbs

A

Verbs which refer to states or conditions

88
Q

Reflexive pronouns

A

Indicate that the object of a verb is the same as it’s subject
E.g. he congratulated himself

89
Q

Indefinite pronouns

A

Do not refer to specific persons or things

E.g. someone, anything, no one

90
Q

Reactive pronouns

A

Acts as linking words in sentences

E.g. a city that has many tourist attractions

91
Q

Noun phrases

A

Usually have a noun or pronoun as it’s head word

E.g. the beach across the bays

92
Q

Verb phrases

A

Usually contains a main verb and any accompanying auxiliary verbs
E.g. I may see him

93
Q

Collective noun

A

A singular noun that refers to several individuals

E.g. the police, the choir, parliament

94
Q

Comparative

A

Form of adjective used when comparing things

E.g. he is taller than me

95
Q

Concord

A

Agreement

96
Q

Conjunct

A

A type of adverbial used to show the connection between two sentences.
E.g. Firtstly; secondly; thirdly, also, as well, too

97
Q

Conversion

A 
When a word from one word class is used in another class.
E.g. glue started as a noun but is now also used as a verb
98
Q

Disjunct

A

A sentence adverbial that provides some comment by the speaker or writer
E.g. admittedly, fortunately

99
Q

Future continuous

A

A tense formed by ‘will be’ or ‘shall be’ followed by the present participle
E.g. I shall be working

100
Q

Future perfect

A

A tense formed by ‘will have’ or ‘shall have’ followed by the past participle
E.g. She will have worked

101
Q

Future perfect continuous

A

The tense used to describe an action that will have been completed at a particular point in the future.
Formed by shall/will have been followed by present participle
E.g. Some readers will have been growing roses for years

102
Q

Simple future tense

A

Formed by using the modal auxiliary verbs will or shall followed by the verb stem
E.g. you will tell me

103
Q

Indefinite pronoun

A

Allow speaker to be vague

E.g. someone, anybody, nothing

104
Q

Morpheme

A

Lowest unit of language that can convey meaning. It cannot be broken down into anything smaller that has a meaning
E.g. child, shed, walk

105
Q

Numeral

A 
Can be used as pronouns or determiners
•Cardinal numerals - quantity
-E.g. five cats
•Ordinal numerals - ranking position
-E.g. It’s on the fifth floor
•Fractions - quantities less than one whole 
-E.g. he ate one-quarter of the cake
106
Q

Yes/no interrogative

A

Introduced with a modal auxiliary verb

Requires a yes or no answer

107
Q

Transitive verbs

A

Require an object

108
Q

Intransitive verbs

A

Don’t require an object

109
Q

Change of location verbs

A

Put, take

E.g. Tina put the chair in the corner

110
Q

Change of state verbs

A

Make

E.g. Ella made the room tidy

111
Q

Change of possession verbs

A

Give

E.g. Michael gave him the book

112
Q

Spatial adjectives

A
  • Adjectives relating to position, size and shape
  • Children find these challenging
  • E.g. big, tiny, small, large, long etc
113
Q

What term could be applied to change of location/state/possession verbs?

A

Verbal overgeneralisation

114
Q

Dummy auxiliary verb

A
  • Also known as the dummy operator

* ’Do’

115
Q

Emotion verb

A

Like, love, hate, dislike

116
Q

Finite terms

A

They show tense, person and number

E.g. ‘I went’ ‘I go’ ‘he goes’ ‘we went’ etc

117
Q

Non-finite verbs

A
  • Verb forms which do not show tense, person and number
  • Usually there are infinitive forms, e.g. ‘to wake’ in the sentence “she tiptoed round the house as not to wake anyone” or ‘starting’ in “They cleaned the whole house, starting from the messy kitchen“
118
Q

Nominative

A

Subjective pronouns

I, we, my, she, he etc

119
Q

Accusative

A

Objective pronouns

Me, us, him, her etc

120
Q

Reflexive pronouns

A

Pronouns about the self

Myself, himself, themselves

121
Q

Genitive pronouns

A

Possessive pronouns

Mine, yours, his, hers

122
Q

Demonstrative pronouns

A

Those that refer to specific things

This, those, that

123
Q

Pronoun substitutions

A
  • Where some dialects use neologised pronouns

* E.g. substituting ‘you’ with ‘tha’

124
Q

Indefinite pronouns

A
  • Not specifying exactly

* Anything, something, everything, everyone

125
Q

Dummy subject

A

It

Fills the slot of the subject but has no meaning

126
Q

Elicitation

A

Initiation/questioning

127
Q

Subjunctive

A
  • Verb form used to express things that could or should happen
  • Used to express wishes/hopes, e.g. I wish I WERE able to fly
  • Used to express commands/demands, e.g. it is vital that she ATTEND the meeting
  • Used to express suggestions, e.g. I suggested that he face up to the bully
128
Q

Semi-modal verb

A
  • Verbs that sometimes behave like modal auxiliary verbs.
  • Like the “proper” modal verbs, they are used with the base form of verbs (the infinitive without to) to create a unique meaning.
  • Dare, need, used to, ought to
129
Q

Complement

A
  • The part of a sentence which makes it complete

* E.g. the dog is HUNGRY

130
Q

In the sentence “Helen teaches it” what type of word is it?

A

Final anaphoric pronoun

131
Q

What is the grammar name for a forward slash?

A

Oblique strike or virgule

132
Q

Of-genitive

A

Increased prestige and adds formality.

E.g. the crumbs of bread

133
Q

What kind of pronoun is who?

A

A nominative pronoun or relative pronoun

134
Q

Uncountable noun

A
  • Do not regularly have a plural form
  • Include mud, snow and butter
  • Abstract nouns are usually uncountable

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