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Biology 112 > Chapter 40 > Flashcards

Chapter 40 Flashcards

1
Q

What challenges do all animals face?

A
  1. Obtain nutrients and oxygen
  2. Excrete wastes
  3. Reproduce
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2
Q

Why is there such diversity in animal form?

A

Natural selection

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3
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals with adaptable heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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4
Q

Individuals with adaptable heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

A

natural selection

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5
Q

What does natural selection result in a correlation of?

A

form (anatomy) to biological function (physiology) - form fits function

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6
Q

What affects the way animals interact with the environment?

A

Size and shape

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7
Q

Laws of physics govern what?

A

all aspects of body size and shape

  • strength
  • diffusion
  • movement
  • heat exchange
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8
Q

Fusiform body shape

A

tapered at both ends

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9
Q

Why do swimming animals have fusiform body shape?

A

To swim quickly

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10
Q

What do larger organisms require for support?

A

Thicker skeletons and more muscle

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11
Q

Larger body size –> more muscle –> …

A

limited mobility

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12
Q

What must animals exchange with their environment?

A

nutrients, waste products, and gases

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13
Q

Where does exchange occur?

A

across plasma membrane of each cell *each cell requires an aqueous environment

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14
Q

What is the rate of exchange proportional to?

A

membrane surface area

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15
Q

What has a direct effect on how the animal exchanges energy and materials with its surroundings?

A

Animal size and shape

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16
Q

What happens to surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) as animals get larger without changing shape?

A

SA:V decreases, resulting in less surface area to support chemical activity (metabolic needs/exchange)

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17
Q

How can organisms maximize surface area?

A
  1. flattening
  2. folding
  3. branching
  4. projections
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18
Q

How do simple body plans exchange with the environment?

A
  1. maximize exposure of cells to aqueous environment
  2. simple diffusion
  3. facilitated diffusion
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19
Q

How do complex body plans exchange with the environment?

A

increasing the number of cells decreases the other surface area to volume ratio

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20
Q

What would lower S:V mean?

A

materials can’t reach all parts of a cell quickly (can’t meet metabolic needs)

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21
Q

What do all cells of complex body plans need to be surrounded by?

A

interstitial fluid (fluid between cells)

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22
Q

How do complex organisms increase surface area for exchange

A

highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging materials

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23
Q

What do body fluids link in complex body plans?

A

exchange surfaces to cells

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24
Q

Exchange surface circulatory fluid … cells

A

interstitial fluid

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25
Q

Disadvantage of complex body plans?

A

more energy required for exchange

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26
Q

Benefits of complexity

A

specialized organ systems help maintain homeostasis in a variable external environment

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27
Q

Four types of tissues in animals

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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28
Q

Epithelial Tissue form

A

sheets of tightly packed cells, apical and basal surface

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29
Q

Apical Surface

A

free surface exposed to fluid or air

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30
Q

Basal surface

A

attached to connective tissue

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31
Q

Epithelial tissue function

A

outside covering, lines organs and body cavities, secretion/absorption

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32
Q

outside covering

A

barrier against mechanical injury, microbes, fluid loss

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33
Q

Epithelium tissue shapes

A
  1. Cuboidal
  2. Columnar
  3. Squamous
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34
Q

Form of connective tissue

A

contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout extracellular matrix (ECM)

35
Q

What does the matrix consist of?

A

fibers in a liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation

36
Q

Three types of fibers (all made of protein)

A
  1. Collagenous fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
37
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

provide strength and flexibility

38
Q

Reticular fibers

A

join connective tissues together

39
Q

Elastic fibers

A

stretch and snap back to original length

40
Q

Form of muscle tissue

A

consists of contractile filaments made of the proteins actin and myosin

41
Q

Nervous tissue form

A

made up of nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells (glia)

42
Q

Nervous tissue functions

A

Receive, process, and trasmit information

43
Q

What do tissues, organs, and organ systems work together to do?

A

coordinate and control response to stimuli (changing environment)

44
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance on internal balance

45
Q

How do organisms maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. Negative feedback

2. Positive feedback

46
Q

Set point

A

the temperature that an animal tries to maintain

47
Q

Sensor

A

detects stimulus

48
Q

Stimulus

A

A fluctuation inthe variable above or below the set point

49
Q

Tolerance curve

A

shows conditions that an organism can survive in

50
Q

Negative feedback

A

reduces or dampens the stimulus (most mechanism of homeostasis involve negative feedback)

51
Q

Positive feedback

A

Amplifies the stimulus (few examples for homeostasis)

52
Q

Alterations in homeostatic conditions

A

Puberty, menstrual cycle, circadian rhythm

53
Q

Regulated change

A

acclimatization

54
Q

Acclimatization

A

an organism adjusts to a change in its environment, allowing it to maintain homeostasis

55
Q

Acclimatization is a _______ change during an individuals lifetime

A

temporary (not to be confused with adaptation/population level changes)

56
Q

Poikilotherm

A

Body temp. varies with environment

57
Q

Homeotherm

A

body temp. remains relatively constant despite environmental change

58
Q

Ectothermic

A

heat is gained from external sources

59
Q

endothermic

A

heat is gained from internal metabolism (organism generates own heat)

60
Q

Example of ectothermic

A

non-avian reptiles, fishes, amphibians, most inverts.

61
Q

Example of endothermic

A

mammals, birds, many insects, some fish and some non-avian reptiles

62
Q

Torpor

A

the inactive state hummingbirds enter when their body temperature drops considerably

63
Q

Advantages of endothermy

A
  1. can be active at night and during winter

2. can sustain high levels of aerobic activity

64
Q

Disadvantages of endothermy

A
  1. need to eat a lot of high energy food to maintain metabolic rates
  2. energy to produce heat isn’t available for growth and reproduction
65
Q

Advantages of ectothermy

A
  1. can survive with less intake of food than endotherms
66
Q

Advantages of ectothermy

A
  1. can survive with less intake of food than endotherms

2. more energy for growth

67
Q

Disadvantages of ectothermy

A
  1. muscle activity and digestion slow as environmental temp drops, causing body temp. to decrease as well
  2. can’t maintain extended period of activity
  3. restricted to warmer climates
68
Q

Thermoregulation > heat loss =

A

heat gain

69
Q

Radiation

A

emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero

70
Q

Evaporation

A

Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas

71
Q

Balancing heat loss and gain

A
  1. radiation
  2. evaporation
  3. convection
  4. conduction
72
Q

Convection

A

transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface

73
Q

Conduction

A

direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in contact with each other

74
Q

Five adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

A
  1. insulation
  2. circulatory adaptations
  3. cooling by evaporative heat loss
  4. behavioral responses
  5. adjusting metabolic heat production
75
Q

Countercurrent heat exchange

A

transfer of heat between fluid flowing in opposite directions (reduces heat loss via convection)

76
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal

77
Q

What does bioenergetics determine?

A

how much food an animal needs

78
Q

What does bioenergetics relate to?

A

an animal’s size, activity, and environment

79
Q

Metabolic rate

A

the sum of all the energy an animal uses per unit time

80
Q

how can energy be measured?

A

joules (J) or calories (cal) and kilocalories (kcal)

81
Q

What must animals maintain for basic functions?

A

a minimum metabolic rate

82
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

A

metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a “comfortable” temperature

83
Q

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

A

Metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

84
Q

Both BMR and SMR assume animal is:

A
  1. nongrowing
  2. fasting
  3. not stressed

Biology 112 (13 decks)

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