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Biology 112 > Chapter 42.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 42.3 Flashcards

1
Q

A vessel’s cavity

A

the central lumen

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2
Q

central lumen

A

a vessel’s cavity

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3
Q

The epithelial layer that lines blood vessels

A

endothelium

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4
Q

endothelium

A

the epithelial later that lines blood vessels

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5
Q

The endothelium is…

A

smooth and minimizes resistance

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6
Q

Capillaries

A
  1. are only slightly wider than a red blood cell

2. have thin walls, the endothelium plus its basal lamina

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7
Q

why do capillaries have the endothelium and its basal lamina

A

to facilitate the exchange of materials

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8
Q

What do arteries and veins have?

A

endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue

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9
Q

How do arteries differ from veins?

A

they have thicker walls to accommodate the high pressure of blood pumped from the heart

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10
Q

how do veins differ from arteries?

A

they have thinner-walls, blood flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action

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11
Q

What affects blood flow and blood pressure?

A

physical laws governing movement of fluids through pipes

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12
Q

Where is the velocity of blood flow the slowest

A

capillary beds

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13
Q

why is the velocity of blood flow the slowest in capillary beds

A

the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area

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14
Q

Why is blood flow in the capillaries necessarily slow?

A

for exchange of materials

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15
Q

Where does blood flow?

A

from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure

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16
Q

What is blood pressure

A

the pressure that blood exerts in all directions, including against the walls of blood vessels

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17
Q

What does the recoil of elastic arterial walls play a role in

A

maintaining blood pressure

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18
Q

What dissipates much of the pressure

A

the resistance to blood flow in the narrow diameters of tiny capillaries and arterioles

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19
Q

Systolic pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole

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20
Q

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole

A

systolic pressure

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21
Q

what is the highest pressure in the arteries called

A

systolic pressure

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22
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries during diastole

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23
Q

the pressure in the arteries during diastole

A

diastolic pressure

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24
Q

is lower than systolic pressure

A

diastolic pressure

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25
Q

a pulse

A

is the rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat

26
Q

the rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat

A

a pulse

27
Q

How do homeostatic mechanisms regulate arterial blood pressure

A

by altering the diameter of arterioles

28
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls

29
Q

the contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls

A

vasoconstriction

30
Q

increases blood pressure

A

vasoconstriction

31
Q

vasodilation

A

the relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles

32
Q

the relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles

A

vasodilation

33
Q

causes blood pressure to fall

A

vasodilation

34
Q

a major inducer of vasodilation

A

nitric oxide

35
Q

a strong inducer of vasoconstriction

A

the peptide endothelin

36
Q

What are vasoconstriction and vasodilation often coupled to

A

changes in cardiac output that affect blood pressure

37
Q

What is blood pressure generally measured for

A

an artery in the arm at the same height as the heart

38
Q

What has a significant effect on blood pressure

A

gravity

39
Q

What is fainting caused by

A

inadequate blood flow to the head

40
Q

what do animals with long necks require

A

a very high systolic pressure to pump blood a great distance against gravity

41
Q

What is blood moved through the veins by

A

smooth muscle contraction, skeletal muscle contraction, and expansion of the vena cava with inhalation

42
Q

what do one-way valves in veins prevent

A

backflow of blood

43
Q

What percent of the body’s capillaries does blood flow through at any given time

A

5-10%

44
Q

how filled are capillaries in major organs usually

A

to capacity

45
Q

What two mechanisms regulate distribution of blood in capillary beds

A
  1. constriction/dilation of arterioles that supply capillary beds
  2. precapillary sphincters
46
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

control the flow of blood between arterioles and venules

47
Q

what is blood flow regulated by

A

nerve impulses, hormones, and other chemicals

48
Q

Where does the exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid take place

A

across the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries

49
Q

What does the difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure drive

A

fluids out of capillaries at the arteriole end and into capillaries at the venule end

50
Q

Why can most blood cells and blood proteines not pass through the endothelium

A

they are too large

51
Q

Lymphatic system

A

returns fluids that leaks out from the capillary beds

52
Q

returns fluids that leaks out from the capillary beds

A

lymphatic system

53
Q

fluid lost by capillaries

A

lymph

54
Q

lymph

A

fluid lost by capillaries

55
Q

What does the lymphatic system drain into

A

veins in the neck

56
Q

What do valves in lymph vessels do

A

prevent the backflow of fluid

57
Q

edema

A

swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph

58
Q

swelling caused by disruptions in the flow of lymph

A

edema

59
Q

lymph nodes

A

organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body’s defense

60
Q

organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body’s defense

A

lymph nodes

61
Q

What occurs when the body is fighting an infection

A

lymph nodes become swollen and tender

Biology 112 (13 decks)

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