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Biology 112 > Final Exam pt 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A hemoglobin molecule

A

all of the above

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2
Q

An advantage of a closed circulatory system over an open one is that:

A

it allows for more efficient delivery of O2 and nutrients

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3
Q

Exchange of substances between the cells and the environment

A

all of the above

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4
Q

the ventricles

A

pump blood into the arteries

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5
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the movement of electrical signals throughout the heart?

A

the SA node generates the signal which is held up for 0.1 seconds at the AV node to allow the atria to empty completely, then the signal moves to the apex of the heart, then spreads through the ventricles

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6
Q

Cardiac output

A

is the volume of blood per minute pumped by the left ventricle

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7
Q

Valves

A

all of the above

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8
Q

In the capillaries

A

the velocity of the blood is lower than in any other type of vessel

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9
Q

systolic pressure

A

is normally higher than diastolic pressure

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10
Q

Caffeine constricts blood vessels. This constriction:

A

increases the peripheral resistance

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11
Q

Fluid is filtered from blood as it enters a capillary due to the _______, but the fluid is reabsorbed as the blood exits a capillary due to the ________.

A

blood pressure from the heart; osmotic pressure from proteins in the plasma

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12
Q

Blood pressure

A

all of the above

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13
Q

In the leg veins

A

all of the above

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14
Q

blood

A

transports O2 and nutrients to cells

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15
Q

The stem cells in the bone marrow

A

give rise to myeloid stem cells, which give rise to the lymphocytes

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16
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

all of the above

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17
Q

Gills

A

are very efficient because blood and the respiratory medium flow in opposite directions, maximizing pressure gradients

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18
Q

Respiratory surfaces

A

all of the above

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19
Q

In the leg veins

A

all of the above

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20
Q

Insects

A

have small branches of air tubes that extend to nearly every cell in the body

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21
Q

breathing

A

ventilates the lungs

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22
Q

in birds

A

air moves in one direction

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23
Q

In positive pressure breathing in amphibians

A

air is pushed into the lungs due to a decrease in the volume of the oral cavity, which increases the pressure in the oral cavity

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24
Q

Hemoglobin

A

uses iron (Fe) to bind oxygen

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25
Q

control of breathing

A

is primarily based on carbon dioxide concentration in the blood and involves pH sensors that detect changes in pH

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26
Q

to adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)…

A

four-chambered heart

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27
Q

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body

A

frogs

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28
Q

the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the___.

A

fishes

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29
Q

Circulatory systems compensate for ___.

A

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

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30
Q

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 70 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70mL (milliliters per beat), and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have cardiac outputs of ___.

A

4,900 mL/minute

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31
Q

If a molecule of carbon dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except ___.

A

the pulmonary vein

32
Q

Which of the following conditions would most likely be due to high blood pressure in a mammal?

A

bursting of blood vessels in capillary beds

33
Q

Larg proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ___.

A

development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

34
Q

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

A

erythropoietin

35
Q

some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ___.

A

lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant

36
Q

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen in such conditions is ___.

A

160 mm Hg

37
Q

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight

A

gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation

38
Q

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as ___.

A

the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

39
Q

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure

A

giraffe

40
Q

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because ___.

A

the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

41
Q

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with ___.

A

increased activity of the immune system

42
Q

damage to the sinoatrial node in humans

A

would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions

43
Q

An open circulatory system

A

has fluid called hemolymph, which is pumped through sinuses to the cells of the body

44
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

45
Q

Inhalation

A

involves contraction of the diaphragm, which increases the volume of the lungs, and occurs when the pressure within the lungs drops below that of the atmospheric presusre

46
Q

A closed circulatory system

A

has a circulatory fluid that is separate (distinct) from the interstitial fluid

47
Q

Urea is relatively non-toxic compared to…

A

ammonia

48
Q

the renal medulla…

A

is innermost sect. of kidney and contains highest solute concentration

49
Q

At different phases of their feeding and digestion, vamp. bats…

A

produce dilute and concentrated urine

50
Q

Water is not reabsorbed while filtrate…

A

rises through ascending loop of Henle

51
Q

Earthworms do not use two kidneys to…

A

filter their systems

52
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

ax of the above

53
Q

Metanephridia

A

are found in annelids

54
Q

Capillaries surrounding the ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle

A

vasa recta

55
Q

Urine formed by a kidney collects in the ____ before being drained by the ___ and transported to the bladder

A

renal pelvis; ureter

56
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

desert animals

57
Q

ADH

A

decreases urine

58
Q

RAAS >…>

A

angiotensin II, contraction of arterioles

59
Q

ANP lowers blood volume and pressure by…

A

decreasing release of renin

60
Q

Sympathetic ganglia are distributed along…

A

spinal cord

61
Q

the central nervous system is involved in …

A

reflex movement

62
Q

Preganglionic neurons have cell bodies within the …

A

CNS

63
Q

Increase in heart rate and fight/flight response

A

sympathetic division of neurons

64
Q

Schwann cells are

A

glial cells

65
Q

Astrocytes regulate blood flow and

A

nutrient delivery to neurons

66
Q

Astrocytes and Microglia are not both

A

stem cells

67
Q

Glutamate can act as a

A

neurotransmitter

68
Q

the membrane is undergoing a depolarization in region

A

B

69
Q

If IPSP is received by a postsynaptic neuron…

A

GABA may have been released

70
Q

Multiple EPSPs

A

all of the above

71
Q

Acetylcholine

A

involved in muscle contraction

72
Q

cone snails have venom strong enough to…

A

kill humans

73
Q

An osmoregulatory fish that lives in freshwater gains water by …

A

osmosis

74
Q

The role of the excretory system in homeostasis is

A

all of the above

75
Q

adaptations that help to conserve water include

A

all of the above

Biology 112 (13 decks)

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