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Biology 112 > Chapter 42.5 > Flashcards

Chapter 42.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Gas exchange

A

supplies O2 for cellular respiration

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2
Q

supplies O2 for cellular respiration

A

gas exchange

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3
Q

What is partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

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4
Q

What do partial pressures also apply to?

A

gases dissolved in liquids such as water

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5
Q

how do gases undergo net diffusion

A

from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure

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6
Q

What can animals use as their respiratory medium

A

air or water

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7
Q

respiratory medium

A

O2 source

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8
Q

The difference between obtaining O2 from water or from air

A

Obtaining O2 from water requires greater efficiency than air breathing

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9
Q

What do animals require for the exchange of gases between their cells and the respiratory medium (air/water)

A

large, moist respiratory surfaces

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10
Q

How does gas exchage across respiratory surfaces take place

A

by diffusion

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11
Q

Respiratory surfaces vary by animal and can include…

A

skin, gills, tracheae, and lungs

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12
Q

What are gills

A

outfoldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange

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13
Q

outfoldings of teh body that create a large surface area for gas exchange

A

gills

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14
Q

what does ventilation do

A

moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

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15
Q

moves the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

A

ventilation

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16
Q

What do aquatic animals do for ventilation

A

move through water or move water over their gills

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17
Q

What do fish gills use

A

a countercurrent exchange system

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18
Q

a countercurrent exchange system

A

blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills; blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets

19
Q

In fish gills, what percent of the O2 dissolved in the water is removed as water passes over the respiratory surface

A

more than 80%

20
Q

What does the tracheal system of insects consist of

A

a network of branching tubes throughout the body

21
Q

what do tracheal tubes supply directly to the body cells

A

O2

22
Q

the respiratory and circulatory systems are…

A

separate

23
Q

What must larger insects do to meet O2 demands?

A

ventilate their tracheal system

24
Q

what are lungs

A

an infolding of the body surface

25
Q

an infolding of the body surface

A

lungs

26
Q

what does the circulatory system do

A

transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body

27
Q

what do the size and complexity of lungs correlate with

A

an animal’s metabolic rate

28
Q

What does a system of branching ducts do

A

conveys air to the lungs

29
Q

What do nostrils do

A

filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air, as well as sample for odors

30
Q

What does the pharynx do

A

direct air to the lungs and food to the stomach

31
Q

what does swallowing do

A

moves the larynx upward and tips the epiglottis over the glottis in the pharynx to prevent food from entering the trachea

32
Q

What does air pass through

A

the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles to the alveoli

33
Q

what occurs at the alveoli

A

gas exchange

34
Q

Where does exhaled air pass over to create sound

A

the vocal cords in the larynx

35
Q

What do cilia and mucus like and do

A

the epithelium of the air ducts; move particles up to the pharynx

36
Q

what does this “mucus escalator” do

A

cleans the respiratory system and allows particles to be swallowed into the esophagus

37
Q

Where does gas exchange take place

A

in alveoli

38
Q

what are alveoli

A

air sacs at the tips of bronchioles

39
Q

where does oxygen diffuse through

A

the moist film of the epithelium and into capillaries

40
Q

Where does carbon dioxide diffuse from

A

the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space

41
Q

what do alveoli lack and what are they susceptible to

A

cilia; contamination

42
Q

what do surfactants do

A

coat the surface of the alveoli and reduce the impact of liquid surface tension that might otherwise cause the alveoli to collapse

43
Q

What do preterm babies lack and what are they vulnerable to

A

surfactant; respiratory distress syndrome

44
Q

What is treatment for respiratory distress syndrome provided by

A

artificial surfactants

Biology 112 (13 decks)

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