Anesthetics Flashcards
What drugs are GABAa receptor agonists?
- Benzodiazepines
- Propofol
- Steroids
- Inhalant anesthetics
- Barbiturates
- Etomidate
- Ethanol
Explain the mechanism of GABAa receptor agonists.
They bind GABAa receptors which opens the Cl- channel , CL- influx hyperpolarizes the membrane. This enhances the effects of GABA.
Where are GABAa receptors located?
In the postsynaptic CNS
What are benzodiazepines used for?
A tranquilizer/sedative that is part of the induction protocol, used as anticonvulsant, appetite stimulant in cats, and central muscle relaxation.
Why are benzodiazepines used as part of induction protocol?
Reduce adverse effects of dissociative anesthetics like ketamine and decreases the dose of other drugs like propofol.
Can you use benzodiazepines alone? Why/why not?
No, they are not dependable and can cause paradoxical excitation.
What drugs are considered benzodiazepines?
- Diazepam (Valium)
- Midazolam (Versed)
- Zolazepam (Telazol)
What is the difference between tranquilizers and sedatives?
Tranquilizers calm without sedation, meaning the patient may override drug effect. Sedatives calm by sedating.
What drugs are considered minor tranquilizers?
Benzodiazepines like Diazepam
What drugs are considered major tranquilizers?
- Phenothiazines like acepromazine
2. Butyrophenones
Which drugs are considered alpha 2 adrenergic agonist that are sedative analgesics?
- Xylazine
- Medetomidine
- Dexmedetomidine
Which drugs are considered alpha 2 adrenergic antagonist?
Reversal agents like atipamezole (antisedan)
Which drugs are considered opioid analgesics? 1
- Agonists: morphine, hydromorphine, fentanyl, and remifentanil
- Partial agonists:
Buprenorphine and tramadol - Agonist-antagonists:
Butorphanol, nalbuphine - Antagonists:
Naloxone
Which drugs are considered injectable general anesthetics?
- Barbiturates
- Dissociates anesthetics like ketamine
- Propofol
- Etomidate
- Alphaxalone
Which drugs are considered local anesthetics?
- Lidocaine