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Pharmacology > Antibiotics in Large Animals > Flashcards

Antibiotics in Large Animals Flashcards

1
Q

How would we treat streptococcus zooepidemicus in foals?

A
  1. Penicillin

2. Cephalosporin like Ceftiofur

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2
Q

How would you treat Rhodococcus equi in a foal?

A

Macrolides like erythromycin, clarithromycin or azithromycin and combined with rifampin

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3
Q

Why would you not want to administer macrolides to an adult horse?

A

It can cause fatal colitis and diarrhea

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4
Q

What types of bacteria are present in adult horses when they contract pneumonia?

A
  1. Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus
  2. Aerobic Gram -
  3. Anaerobes
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5
Q

When do we want to treat pneumonia in horses and with what?

A

Treat immediately with broad spectrums while waiting on culture…use Penicillin + gentamicin or enrofloxacin and can add rifampin so aid in tissue penetration.

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6
Q

Which antibiotics can you use to treat anaerobes associated with adult horse pneumonia?

A
  1. Penicillin (except for Bacteroides fragile)
  2. Metronidazole (oral or rectal)
  3. Chloramphenical
  4. Tetra/doxy/minocycline (IV)
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7
Q

Which antibiotics can you use to treat gram + bacteria associated with pneumonia?

A
  1. Penicillin + rifampin

2. Ceftiofur/ampicillin/cefazolin (also get the gram -)

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8
Q

Which antibiotics can you use to treat gram - bacteria associated with pneumonia?

A
  1. Gentamicin
  2. amikacin (foals)
  3. Enrofloxacin (oral/IV)
  4. Ceftiofur
  5. Trimethroprim sulfa (Oral)
  6. Chloramphenicol (oral)
  7. Tetracyclines
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9
Q

Why should you be careful when using gentamicin and amikacin in horses?

A

If they are azotemic, it can cause nephrotoxicity.

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10
Q

What else should you do to treat pneumonia in horses other than administering antibiotics?

A
  1. Pleural drainage
  2. Thoracotomy
  3. Thoracic lavage
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11
Q

Which bacteria usually cause pneumonia in cattle?

A

Gram - :

  1. Mannheimia haemolytica
  2. Pasteurella multocida
  3. Histophilus somni
  4. Mycoplasma bovis
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12
Q

Which bacteria that cause pneumonia in cattle have similar antibiotics susceptibiliites?

A

Mannheimia, Pasteurella, and Histophilus

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13
Q

How long do we treat cattle with pneumonia?

A

48-72 hours and treat early, be aggressive

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14
Q

Which drug used to treat pneumonia in cattle is illegal to go off label?

A

Enrofloxacin (Baytril)

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15
Q

Which drugs can be used as short and long acting options in treating pneumonia in cattle?

A
  1. Ceftiofur

2. Oxytetracycline

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16
Q

Which drugs are only short acting and used in the treatment of pneumonia in cattle?

A
  1. Enrofloxacin

2. Penicillin G

17
Q

Which drugs are only long acting and used in the treatment of pneumonia in cattle?

A
  1. Danofloxacin
  2. Florfenicol
  3. Tulathromycin
18
Q

What is FARAD? Why is it important?

A

Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank

Tells you the cost, withdrawal times and which drugs are illegal to use in certain species

19
Q

Which antibiotics are prohibited in food animals?

A
  1. Chloramphenicol
  2. Glycopeptides (vancomycin)
  3. Nitroimidaxoles (metronidazole)
  4. Nitrofurans
  5. Gentamicin ( can be used as last choice and should never enter food chain)
20
Q

Which drugs have prohibited extra-label use?

A
  1. Cephalosporins in cattle, pigs, and poultry
  2. Fluoroquinolones
  3. Phenylbutazone in dairy cattle
21
Q

How is Mycoplasma bovis treated when it does not have the same susceptibility profile in bovine pneumonia as Mannheim, pasteurella, and histophilus?

A
  1. Fluoroquinolones (ON LABEL ONLY)
  2. Tulathromycin
  3. Florfenicol
  4. Gamithromycin
22
Q

How are bacterial infections of the eye in large animals felt with?

A
  1. Scarp or culture swab

2. Administered antibiotics topically or by sub-palpebral lavage

23
Q

Which antibiotics can be used to treat ocular eye infections?

A
  1. Neomycin/bacitracin/polymixin B oinment
  2. Gentamicin or tobramycin for gram -
  3. Cefazolin or carbeniicillin for gram +
  4. Cipfrofloxacin, amikacin, polymyxin B for gentamicin resistant pseudomonas
24
Q

How would you prevent the cornea from melting while treating the eye?

A

Serum
EDTA
Or acetylcysteine

25
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat potomac horse fever?

A

Oxytetracycline (IV)

26
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat colic/peritonitiis in horses?

A
  1. Penicilllin+gentamicin or ceftiofur

2. Follow up with TMS

27
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat abdominal abscesses in large animals?

A
  1. Penicillin +rifampin

2. TMS + rifampin

28
Q

How would you treat clostridium in the GI tracts?

A

Metronidazole (oral/rectal)

29
Q

Which bacteria commonly infect wounds and joints of large animals?

A
  1. Gram +
  2. Enterococcus
  3. Pseudomonas
  4. E. coli
30
Q

What antibiotics can be used to treat joint/wound bacterial infections?

A
  1. Amikacin/gentamicin for IV perfusion
  2. Amikacin injected into joints
  3. Penicillin/gentamicin systemically
31
Q

What antibiotic can be used to treat listeriosis in ruminants?

A
  1. Oxytetracycline

2. Penicillin

32
Q

What antibiotics can be used to treat skull fractures in horses?

A
  1. Penicillin/gentamicin-ceftiofur combo
33
Q

What antibiotic can be use to treat cystitis/pyelonephritis in cattle?

A

Penicillin as it concentrates in the urine and kills E. coli and corynebacterium renale

34
Q

What antibiotics can be used to treat mastitis? How are they administered?

A
  1. B-lactams
  2. Lincosamides

Usually intramammary

35
Q

What are some complications of giving antibiotics to large animals?

A
  1. Diarrhea in horses
  2. Renal damage especially with aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
  3. Procain reaction with pencillin given IM

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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