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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ion

A

Are charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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2
Q

Anion

A

Gained an electron (negative charge)

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3
Q

Cation

A

Lost an electron (positive charged)

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4
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Form by the sharing of electrons (strongest bond)

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5
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule & slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another. (Weakest bond)

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6
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

A covalent bond that shares electrons unequally (spending most its time closer to negative atom)

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7
Q

Non-polar Covalent Bond

A

Electrons are shared equally

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8
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Love water(h2O)

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9
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Hate water (lipids)

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10
Q

Characteristics of Water (5)

A

1) Good solvent
2) Cohesive
3) Adhesion
4) Chemically reactive
5) Thermal stability

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11
Q

Solution

A

Consist of solute and solvent

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12
Q

Solvent

A

The substance that some particle is mixed with (usually water)

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13
Q

Solute

A

Is the particles of matter mixed with solvent

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14
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Electron, Neutron, Protons

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15
Q

Sodium Chloride features

A

Na+ (cation) bonded to Chl- (anion) called ionic bond (salt)

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16
Q

pH

A

Is dependent on the concentration [ H+] pH range is 1-14

Our bodies like to be in range of 7, closer to 1 the more acidic it is and closer to 14 the more alkaline (base) it is.

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17
Q

Functional Groups (5)

A

1) Hydroxyl (-OH) (Sugars, Alcohols)
2) Methyl (-CH3) (Fats, Oils, Steroids, Amino Acids)
3) Carboxyl (-COOH) (Amino Acids, Sugars, Proteins)
4) Amino (-NH2) (Amino Acids, Proteins)
5) Phosphate (-H2PO4) (Nucleotides, ATP)

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18
Q

How are molecules are made?

A

Through dehydration synthesis

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19
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Removing of water between 2 monomers to make a molecule

20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding water to break a covalent bond between two monomers

21
Q

Monomer of Carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

22
Q

What glucose used for?

A

Its a sugar that is used to make ATP

23
Q

3 Polysaccharides (Carbohydrate)

A

1) Glycogen (Animal have this, muscles)
2) Starch (Only in plants)
3) Cellulose (Only in plants)

24
Q

Monomer of Lipids

A

Fatty Acids

25
Q

Monomers of Proteins

A

Amino Acids

26
Q

Monomer of Nucleic Acid

A

Nucleotide

27
Q

Characteristics of Triglycerides

A

1) Glycerol is the head
2) 3 fatty acids
3) made by dehydration synthesis

28
Q

Protein structures (polymer of amino acid)

A

Central Carbon with an Amino (-NH2) and a Carboxyl group (-COOH), each of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins are identical except for the 3rd functional group called the R-group.

29
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Is the bond between proteins (-COOH)-(NH2) (ONLY IN PROTEINS)

30
Q

4 Levels of Protein Structures

A

1) Primary- Sequence of Amino Acids
2) Secondary- Alpha Helix or Beta Sheet, formed by hydrogen bonds
3) Tertiary- Folding and coiling due to interactions among R-groups
4) Quaternary- preformed polypeptides that are put together to make protein

31
Q

Enzymes

A

Biologic catalyst, raises reactions up but safe, because its all natural made by our bodies.

  • made of Proteins (amino acids)
  • very specific
  • decrease activation energy, speed up reactions while using less energy
  • not consumed
  • they all have specific site, called Active or binding site
  • every Amino Acid has H,C,COOH,NH2
32
Q

Isotope

A

An element that changes its # of neutrons

33
Q

Atom #

A

Number of protons

34
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Protons + Nuetrons

35
Q

Column

A

of Valance Electrons

36
Q

Row

A

of orbitals

37
Q

Chemical Bond

A

A force that attracts one atom to another, such as their opposite charges or the sharing of electrons

37
Q

Electrolyte

A

Minerals and Ions to balance the [ ] in our body

37
Q

Ionic Bond

A

An attraction between anion and cation (Na+ and Cl-)

38
Q

Characteristics of Phospholipids

A

1) Glycerol head
2) 2 fatty tails
3) Made by dehydration synthesis
4) Phosphate Group (-H2PO4)

39
Q

(-H2PO4)

A

Phosphate Group

40
Q

(-OH)

A

Hydroxyl Group

41
Q

(-NH2)

A

Amino Group

42
Q

(-COOH)

A

Carboxyl Group

43
Q

(-CH3)

A

Methyl Group

44
Q

What are some carbohydrate? (5)

A

1) Glucose
2) Galactose
3) Fructose
4) Ribose
5) Deoxyribose

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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