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Gross Anatomy > Quiz 3 Material > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

Tendons composed of

A

Collagen fibers

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2
Q

Arrangement of ____ _____ gives muscles tensile strength

A

Collagen fibers

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3
Q

Tendons attach

A

Muscle to bone

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4
Q

Tensile strength

A

Load necessary to rupture a given material when pulled in the direction of its length and allows muscles to withstand amounts of pressure

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5
Q

5 Functions of tendons

A
  1. Improve leverage (concentrate force)
  2. Economize space and maintain limb conformity
  3. Absorbs shock/ limit potential damage to bone & muscle
  4. Flexible
  5. Tensile strength
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6
Q

Sharpey’s Fibers

A

Collagen fibers that penetrate deeply into cortical portion of the bone

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7
Q

Avulsion Fracture

A

Fragment of bone pulled out with collagen fibers during traction injury (due to Sharpey’s Fibers)

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8
Q

Innervation of a tendon is strictly

A

Afferent (sensory)

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9
Q

Bursa

A

Lubricating devices that develop between tendon and another structure to limit friction and inflammation
Filled with synovial fluid

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10
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue that separates muscles

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11
Q

Superficial Fascia

A

Deep to skin

Contains blood vessels, nerves, adipose tissue

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12
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Investing layer around a muscle (epimysium)

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13
Q

Intermuscular septum

A

Epimysium of one muscle meets epimysium of another

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14
Q

Retinaculum

A

Thickened band of deep fascia found at joints and functions to bind down tendons and nerves that cross joint

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15
Q

Parallel Fiber Arrangement

A

Fibers run whole length of muscle, parallel to long axis

Type II Fibers (power)

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16
Q

Pennate Fiber Arrangement

A

Fibers run oblique to long axis of muscle

Type I Fibers (endurance)

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17
Q

Unipennate Fiber Arrangement

A

Tendon lies along one side of muscle and fibers pass obliquely to tendon

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18
Q

Bipennate Fiber Arrangement

A

Tendon lies in center of muscle and fibers pass to it from each side

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19
Q

Prime Mover (agonist)

A

Muscle(s) most responsible for carrying out particular movement

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20
Q

Synergists (fixator)

A

Assist prime mover(s) in performing action by giving force for a movement, stabilizing joint, keeping bone of origin steady

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21
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that produces opposite effect from agonist

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22
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscles become smaller and weaker

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23
Q

Reciprocal Innervation

A

When muscle contracts, its antagonist automatically relaxes

24
Q

Both agonists and antagonists contract at same time

A

Co-Reflex Phenomenon

25
Q

Pathology of CNS

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

26
Q

Pathology of PNS

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

27
Q

Pathology of NMJ

A

Myasthenia Gravis

28
Q

Pathology of individual muscle fiber

A

Muscular Dystrophy

29
Q

Ischemic Necrosis (ischemia)

A

Any diminishing of vascular supply to muscle, resulting in loss of fibers

30
Q

Contracture

A

If a muscle remains contracted for prolonged period, it will develop persistent (permanent?) shortening

31
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Undifferentiated myoblasts that regenerate injured muscle fibers

32
Q

Satellite cells found…

A

Space between endomysium and sarcolemma

33
Q

In Muscular Dystrophy, ___ ___ are prevented from replacing damaged muscle fibers

A

Satellite cells

34
Q

Components of upper extremity

A

Shoulder (pectoral) girdle

Free limb

35
Q

Shoulder girdle consists of

A

Scapula + clavicle

36
Q

Free Limb consists of

A

Arm (brachium)
Forearm (antebrachium)
Hand (manus)

37
Q

Main functions of the clavicle

A
  1. Transmit forces from upper extremity to axial skeleton

2. Acts as brace, holding arm free from rest of the body

38
Q

Clavicle is transitional bone between:

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton

39
Q

Ossification

A

Process of embryonic connective tissue being replaced by bone cells (osteocytes)

40
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone cells replace primitive type of connective tissue (mesenchyme)
Axial Bones

41
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone cells replace very well developed type of connective tissue (hyaline cartilage)
Appendicular Bones

42
Q

_____ is the first bone to undergo ossification

A

Clavicle

43
Q

Clavicle has ____ primary ossification centers

A

2

44
Q

Clavicle primary ossification is _____

A

Intramembranous

45
Q

Clavicle secondary ossification center is ____

A

Endochondral

46
Q

_____ is one of the last bones to complete ossification

A

Clavicle

47
Q

The ____ is one of the most frequently fractured bones

A

Clavicle

48
Q

Cleidocranial Dysostosis

A

Autosomal dominant hereditary condition in which ossification is defective
Clavicle is missing or abnormally formed (bilateral in most)

49
Q

Scapula is found:

A

Between T1-T7

50
Q

Ossification of scapula formed from

A

7 ossification centers (1 primary & 6 secondary)

51
Q

Primary center of ossification in the scapula occurs in ____

A

Body of bone - Fossa & spine

52
Q

6 secondary ossification centers of scapula

A

2 for acromion process
2 for coracoid process
1 for medial border
1 for inferior angle

53
Q

Clinical Arm

A

Acromion process of scapula to epicondyles of humerus

54
Q

Fracture of the scapula usually results from

A

Severe direct trauma

55
Q

The ____ ____ is the most commonly fractured part of the scapula

A

Acromion process

56
Q

Sprengel’s Deformity

A

Undescended scapula brought about by attachment to cervical vertebrae by either bone, cartilage, or fibrous attachment
Usually unilateral

57
Q

Os Acromidae

A

Failure of acromion process to fuse with rest of the bone

Area fills with connective tissue

Gross Anatomy (18 decks)

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