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AAA - Board by day > 3/29 > Flashcards

3/29 Flashcards

1
Q

ecological studies

A

use population data instead of individuals

- used to make conclusions but should not be extrapolated to individuals

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2
Q

nested case-control

A

starts as cohort study and patients that develop disease are put in cases of case-control

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3
Q

most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in young male

A
  • subpleural blebs

- smoking is risk factor

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4
Q

problem in cyanide poisoning

A
  • inhibits cytochrome c enzyme for oxygen phosphorylation

- oxygen can not be used by tissues for energy

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5
Q

amyl nitrite

A
  • forms methemoglobin

- useful for treating cyanide poisoning because it can bind the cyanide and excrete it

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6
Q

cofactor used by PEPCK in gluconeogenesis

A

GTP (produced from succinyl-CoA synthetase)

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7
Q

worm with eggs laid in intestine

A

strongyloides (only larvae are found in stools)

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8
Q

perianal egg deposition

A

enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

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9
Q

proglottids in stool

A

tapeworms (t solium, t saginata, diphyllobothrium latum)

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10
Q

trophozoites and cysts in stool

A

giardia and entamoeba

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11
Q

exchanger in RBCs for carbonic anhydrase

A

chloride/bicarb exchanger (to maintain electric charge)

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12
Q

baby most likely to get HepB

A

mom with HBeAg (marker for infectivity)

- however babies don’t show many signs and symptoms due to immune tolerant phase

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13
Q

McCune Albright triad

A
  • fibrous dysplasia (osteolytic lesions of hips and pelvis
  • endocrine abnormalities
  • cafe-au-lait spots
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14
Q

defect in McCune Albright

A

constitutively active G protein

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15
Q

two diseases with cafe au lait spots

A

McCune Albright (coast of Maine) and NF1 (coast of California)

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16
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes

A

isolated idiopathic osteonecrosis of hip

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17
Q

hemosiderin laden macrophages in lung

A

heart failure cells due to left ventricular dysfunction

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18
Q

organic portion of bone

A

osteoid, laid down by osteoblasts

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19
Q

12th ribs sits behind….

A

kidney

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20
Q

work of breathing is restrictive and obstructive lung disease

A 
restrictive = lower work of breathing at increased frequency
obstructive = lower at decreased frequency
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21
Q

best indicators of liver function

A

albumin and PT (measure protein synthesis)

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22
Q

inhibin

A

secreted by sertoli cells for short loop feedback on FSH secretion

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23
Q

cause of infant torticollis

A

malpositioning in uterus

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24
Q

important cytokine in giant cell temporal arteritis

A

IL6

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25
Q

anti-myeloperoxidase

A

ANCA

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26
Q

anti-proteinase 3

A

ANCA

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27
Q

timeline of capillary hemangiomas

A

grow with child and then regress

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28
Q

specific high lab that can cause pancreatitis

A

hypertriglyceridemia (excess free fatty acids not bound by albumin can cause direct damage to pancreas)

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29
Q

high bilirubin after fasting

A

Gilbert

30
Q

immunologic things seen in polymyositis

A
  • increased expression of MHCI leading to CD8 infiltrate

- anti-Jo antibodies

31
Q

mechanism for extended beta lactamase resistance

A

plasmids

32
Q

hormone with relationship to opioid receptor

A

ACTH (produced from POMC, which also makes MSH and endorphins)

33
Q

someatomedin

A

like insulin, promotes growth

34
Q

if you zap the ventromedial nucleus….

A

you grow ventrally and medially (get fat)

35
Q

nucleolus

A

synthesis of ribosomes (RNA pol I)

36
Q

busprione

A

slow onset of action

  • nonbenzo for treatment of GAD
  • partial agonist at 5HT receptors
37
Q

changes in lactase deficiency

A
  • low pH stool
  • positive hydrogen breath test
  • osmotic diarrhea
38
Q

Ki-67

A

Burkitt lymphoma

39
Q

two types of Burkitt’s lymphoma

A
  • jaw lesion endemic in Africa

- pelvis or abdomen in sporadic form

40
Q

diastolic vs systolic dysfuntion

A 
systolic = dilated heart failure
diastolic = hypertrophic heart failure
41
Q

factitious disorder

A

purposely produce signs and symptoms of disease to fulfill sick role (no external motivation)

42
Q

treatment for restless leg

A

dopamine agonists

43
Q

cryptogenic organizing pneumonia

A
  • interstitial lung disease
  • acute with fever and weight loss
  • granulation tissue and inflammatory debris in distal airways
44
Q

locations of honeycomb fibrosis

A

subpleural or paraseptal spaces

45
Q

abnormal bone pathology in kidney disease

A

osteodystrophy (loss of calcium in urine leads to increase in PTH and bone breakdown)

46
Q

non smoking lung cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

47
Q

osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae

A

osteomalacia

48
Q

persistence of primary spongiosa in medullary canal

A

osteopetrosis

49
Q

trabecular thinning

A

osteoporosis

50
Q

downside of oxygen therapy in neonates

A

BPD and retinopathy of prematurity

51
Q

slow gall bladder emptying after giving CCK

A

gall bladder hypomotility, can cause sludge (dehydration of contents)

52
Q

distal duodenal ulcer

A

zollinger ellison syndrome

53
Q

secretin in ZE syndrome

A

paradoxically causes gastrin release from tumor

54
Q

AV nodal artery

A

comes from whatever is the dominant artery of the heart (usually right)

55
Q

treatment for febrile seizures

A

supportive care

56
Q

freezes of meiosis in egg growth

A
  • halted at prophase of meiosis I after birth

- halted at metaphase of meiosis II after ovulation

57
Q

leucovorin in methotrexate/5-FU

A

rescue in methotrexate, makes 5-FU stronger

58
Q

treatment for narcolepsy

A

modafinil

59
Q

mechanism of Shiga toxin

A

block protein synthesis

60
Q

anovulatory cycles

A

no ovulation, no progesterone release, endometrium continues to grow, leads to long periods in spotting in adolescents

61
Q

nerve injured in anterior dislocation of humerus

A

axillary

62
Q

thing causing superior vena cava syndrome

A

mediastinal mass (can be caused by pancoast tumor, but that usually has Horner and shoulder pain)

63
Q

lung hamartoma

A

cartilage, fat, smooth muscle and respiratory epithilium

64
Q

sebaceous method of secretion

A

holocrine

65
Q

mechanism for excess glutamine in hepatic encephalopathy

A

brain takes up ammonia to prevent too much glutatmate (but with too much ammonia in blood it forms too much glutamine)

66
Q

effect potentiation

A

ability of one drug to improve the efficacy of another

67
Q

RAS activates…

A

MAP kinase which enters nulceus to increase transcription

68
Q

back pain worse at night

A

metastatic

69
Q

complications of varicose veins

A

edema, skin ulcers, infections

70
Q

myclonus

A

like hiccups, brief contractions

71
Q

dystonia

A

sustained involuntary muscle contractions

72
Q

haptoglobin level in hemolytic anemia

A

low (takes up hemoglobin)

AAA - Board by day (28 decks)

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